明后期宣大山西三镇马市市本来源考述——兼述抚赏银在市本中的作用

A Study on the Sources of Shiben in the Horse Markets of Xuanfu, Datong and Shanxi in the Late Ming Dynasty

所谓"市本",指明朝在边镇马市中用于购买马匹的资金。与马市交易无关的抚赏银也是马市的重要组成部分,亦纳入本文考察范围。一般认为,边境马市市本主要来自兵部太仆寺的常盈库,然而边境市本的来源并非自太仆寺一端。兵部太仆寺是明后期宣大山西三镇马市市本的常规来源地,部分户部所拨边镇客饷银也是其来源之一,边镇地方的筹集特别是针对广大军士征收的朋合银,表现出极强的稳定性,在三镇马市市本中亦占据重要份额。隆庆至崇祯年间,三镇马市市本构成经历了由多元化向一体化转变的过程。通过对三镇马市市本及抚赏银来源结构的梳理,反映出明后期财政管理因中央各部门财政分权而导致的权责不明、极为混乱的一面。

In the Ming Dynasty,"Shiben"(市本)is the funds used to buy horses in border towns.Largess fees(抚赏银)that is not related to the horse markets transaction is also an important part of the horse market,and it is also included in the this article.It is generally believed that such funds mainly come from Changyingku(常盈库)of Taipusi(太仆寺).Actually,the sources of Shiben present a tendency of diversity,not only from Taipusi.It is concluded that the regular source of Shiben is Changyingku of Taipusi.Expect that,some military expenditures from the Board of Revenue and the funds raised by the local government are indispensable components of Shiben.In the latter source,the Pengheyin(朋合银)taxed on people maintains strong stability,which occupies a heavy share in the horse markets.From Longqing to Chongzhen Period,the composition of Shiben has witnessed its diversification to integration.Meanwhile,through the revealing of the complicated sources of Shiben and largess fees,it also reflects the disorderly financial management in the late Ming Dynasty due to the decentralization.