河套黄灌区麦田杂草绿色防控措施

Green Control Measures of Weeds in Wheat Field in the Yellow River Irrigation Area of Hetao

为解决河套黄灌区麦田杂草绿色防控问题,在河套黄灌区小麦田杂草严重发生的区域,对小麦与杂草竞争关系观测的基础上,试验测定了采用不同小麦品种、种植密度、有机肥、耕翻次数、地膜覆盖方式等绿色控草措施的效果和小麦产量。结果表明,以藜科杂草、籽粒苋和稗草危害为主的麦田,杂草出土滞后于小麦10天以上。杂草主要分布于行(穴)间,株数分别占66.6%(条播)、97.6%(穴播),且行(穴)中杂草长势较弱,单株鲜重较行(穴)间降低39.3%~41.9%,小麦生长前期生态抑草作用明显;绿色控草措施中除品种和种植密度对控草效果差异不显著外,其余措施控草效果明显。综合比较得知,黑色地膜全覆膜穴播、常规覆膜穴播、增加耕翻次数、无杂草草籽污染有机肥的株数防效分别为82.3%、71.7%、22.0%、8.6%;黑色地膜全覆膜穴播、常规覆膜穴播、增加耕翻次数、无杂草草籽污染有机肥的鲜重防效分别为98.0%、97.1%、23.9%、9.6%;黑色地膜全覆膜穴播、常规覆膜穴播、增加耕翻次数分别增产69.4%、56.4%、21.1%,可实现有机小麦生产机械化绿色控草以及低成本、高产量、规模化生产的目的。

To solve the problem of green prevention and control of weeds in wheat field, based on the observation of the competition between wheat and weeds in the wheat field of the Yellow River irrigation area of Hetao, an experiment was conducted to determine the effects of green control measures and wheat yields of different wheat varieties under different planting densities, organic fertilizers, tillage times and mulching methods. The results showed that the weeds unearthed more than 10 days later than wheat in wheat fields damaged by Chenopodium album, Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Echinochloa crusgalli. Weeds were mainly distributed between rows(holes), and the number of plants accounted for 66.6%(planting in drill) and 97.6%(hole seeding) respectively. The growth of weeds in rows(holes) was relatively weak, and the fresh weight of individual plant was lower than that between rows(holes) by 39.3% to 41.9%, the effect of ecological weed control was obvious in the early stage of wheat growth. Among the green weed control measures, except the insignificant difference in the effect of varieties and planting densities on weed control, the other measures had obvious weed control effects. Comprehensive comparison showed that black mulching full film mulching hole seeding, conventional film mulching hole seeding, increasing the number of tillage and organic fertilizer without weed seed pollution had the control effects of the plants’ number of 82.3%, 71.7%, 22.0%, 8.6%,respectively, and their fresh weight control effects were 98.0%, 97.1%, 23.9%, 9.6%, respectively. Black mulching full film mulching hole seeding, conventional film mulching hole seeding, and increasing the number of tillage increased wheat yield by 69.4%, 56.4%, and 21.1% respectively, which could realize the purpose of mechanized green grass control of organic wheat production and low-cost, high-yield and large-scale production.