弃中取日:近代巴西东亚移民政策的转变

From China to Japan: A Shift in Brazil’s East Asian Immigration Policy in Modern Times

1850年巴西宣布禁止奴隶贸易后,曾试图从中国大规模引进华工,但始终未能如愿。这也在客观上为巴西和日本签署移民协定提供了历史机遇。1895年巴日建交,巴西引进日本劳工拥有了合法性。20世纪初,美国和加拿大相继出台了禁止或限制日本移民的政策,迫使日本劳工另寻出路;欧洲主要移民来源国纷纷颁布法令,禁止向巴西输出补贴劳工移民,巴西欲寻求劳动力来源多元化。与此同时,巴西的咖啡经济在政府的干预下逐渐复苏,增加了对劳动力的需求。在此情况下,巴日两国于1907年签订《移民契约》。不可否认,一系列历史偶然性因素在一定程度上阻碍了中巴劳工协议的达成。但究其根源,19世纪末20世纪初中日两国国力对比及国际地位的变化,中日海外移民政策的不同走向,以及巴西和日本在建设现代民族国家过程中都追随欧洲文明,才是推动近代巴西东亚移民政策发生"弃中取日"转变的深层次原因。

After the slave trade was banned in 1850,Brazil has tried to import large numbers of the Chinese workers,while almost such all attempts failed.However,this objectively provided a historical opportunity for Brazil and Japan to sign an immigration agreement.The establishment of the diplomatic relations between Brazil and Japan in 1895 gave Brazil the legitimacy to import the Japanese workers.At the beginning of the 20th century,the United States and Canada successively introduced policies to prohibit or restrict the Japanese immigration,which forced the Japanese workers to find another way out.The European countries which were major origins of immigrants successively issued laws prohibiting the export of subsidised labour immigrants to Brazil.It is necessary for Brazil to diversify its labour sources.In addition,the coffee economy of Brazil gradually recovered under the intervention of the government,increasing the demand for labour.Under such circumstances,Brazil and Japan signed Immigration Agreement in 1907.There is no doubt that a series of historical contingency factors have blocked the conclusion of the labour agreement between China and Brazil to some extent.However,the comparison of the national strength between China and Japan and the change of the international status,the different trend of overseas immigration policies between China and Japan,and the building of modern nation-state of Brazil and Japan by following the European civilisation are the deep reasons for the change in Brazil’s East Asian immigration policy.