重思当代批判理论与马克思主义的关系——以霍耐特和弗斯特之争为例

Rethinking the Relationship between Contemporary Critical Theory and Marxism——From the Perspective of the Debate between Honneth and Forst

当代批判理论的发展没有背离马克思主义,依然坚守马克思曾经阐述过的“批判的哲学”,即对当代的斗争和愿望作出当代的自我阐明。这种特殊的批判方法也被称为内在批判。从阿多尔诺到哈贝马斯、霍耐特以及更为年轻的批判理论家们,纷纷支持内在批判。只有以此视角来看待当代批判理论的发展,才能更深刻地理解与把握其内部的论争。以当代批判理论代表人物霍耐特和弗斯特之争为例,一般认为两人之争的实质是黑格尔主义与康德主义之争。在论证正义原则的规范性时,他们确实分别求助了黑格尔与康德,两人的相互责难也分别是从黑格尔主义与康德主义的视角展开的。但是,如果局限于康德主义与黑格尔主义之争的视角来理解两人的争论,会忽视他们的很多其它理论洞见。从“受过马克思主义启蒙”的视角来看待他们理论的根本关切与基本主张,能够获得这些洞见。这些洞见对于推进国内马克思主义研究也具有诸多启发。从马克思主义的视角来看待当代批判理论的发展也能洞悉其存在的主要问题,即未充分澄清规范与权力之间的辩证关系。

The development of contemporary critical theory has not deviated from Marxism,and still adheres to the“critical philosophy”that Marx once elaborated,that is,self-clarification of the struggles and wishes of the age.This special method of critique is also called immanent critique.From Adorno to Habermas,Honneth and later younger critical theorists,they all support immanent critique.Only by looking at the development of contemporary critical theory from this perspective can we more deeply understand and grasp its internal development logic.Taking the debate between Honneth and Forst as the example,it is generally believed that the essence of their debate is the debate between Hegelism and Kantianism.When justifying the normativity of the principle of justice,they did appeal to Hegel and Kant separately,and their mutual accusations were also developed from the perspectives of Hegelism and Kantianism.However,if we limit our understanding of their debate only from the perspective of the debate between Kantianism and Hegelism,many of their other theoretical insights will be overlooked.Looking at the fundamental concerns and basic propositions of their theory from the perspective of“enlightened by Marxism”,these insights can be obtained.These insights also have many inspirations for advancing domestic research on Marxism.Viewing the development of contemporary critical theory from the perspective of Marxism can also help to discern its main problems,that is,the insufficient clarification of the dialectical relationship between norms and power.