环境美学视域下的宋代梅审美--以陆游咏梅诗为例

Environmental Aesthetics:Taking Lu You’s Poems on Plum as a Paradigm

林逋、陆游、范成大和杨补之四人构成宋代梅审美的完整图景,其中陆游有166首咏梅诗,是考察宋代梅审美成就、视野与局限的经典个案。陆游咏梅诗表明,宋人从物相与物性两个层次欣赏梅树与梅花之美,此乃其基本成就。陆游许梅为花魁,仙化梅花,以之为高标,提出由“瘦”“清”与“幽”组成的梅之性格系统,以“节”为梅之总体品质,形成对于梅审美价值的量的层次判断和质的风格判断。造境以赏梅、以梅比德和借梅抒情则代表了陆游赏梅之独特审美视野,典型地体现了中华古典自然审美的主观化传统。立足于当代环境美学理念,此传统属于“不恰当”的自然审美。陆游咏梅诗所透露出的折枝以赏梅风尚以及扬此抑彼式审美趣味,则涉及未能真正地尊重自然、平等地对待自然的环境伦理问题。当代自然审美需要重置自然审美语境,自觉告别主观地对待自然、以物比德、借景抒情,以人文价值、文化理念濡染自然的传统审美趣味,将客观地对待自然、重视自然科学知识、培育环境美德作为恰当自然审美的必要文化语境。

Lu You writes 116 poems on plum,such poems can be viewed as a good paradigm to observe the achievement,perspective and its limitation for aesthetic appreciation of plum in Song Dynasty.Lu You’s plum poems show that people in Song Dynasty appreciate plum according to its appearance and property,this is its main achievement in the time.Lu You views plum as the best flower in the world,he treats plum as a fairy,and takes plum as the highest model in personality.He contributes a system for plum’s characteristic which consists of thinness,pureness and seclusion,and he ranks integrity as plum’s total personality.The above facts constitute quantitative level judgment and qualitative style judgment on plum’s aesthetic value and justifies powerfully that Song Dynasty is a time of refinement for aesthetic appreciation of plum.Lu You’s unique aesthetic perspective for plum indicates to build context for plum appreciation,to analogize plum to virtue,and to express one’s emotion by plum which typically embody the subjective tradition for aesthetic appreciation of nature in ancient China.In terms of contemporary core ideas of environmental aesthetics,such tradition concerns an inappropriate aesthetic appreciation of nature.The contemporary aesthetic appreciation of nature needs to reset its context,the necessary context for a proper aesthetic appreciation of nature should be as bellow:to treat nature objectively,to realize the importance of knowledge of natural science,and to cultivate environmental virtue.