环境样中有机磷农药残留检测前处理技术研究进展

Development on pretreatment techniques for detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues in environmental samples

有机磷农药在我国农业生产使用的农药中占有很大的比例,施用的有机磷农药经过一系列的迁移、转化最终残留在大气、水体和土壤中,严重威胁着人类的健康。环境样品基体复杂且农残含量极低,基本无法直接测定,因此,针对不同环境样品、不同类型农药选择合适的前处理技术是准确测定有机磷农药的关键。目前有机磷农药残留检测的前处理技术主要有固相萃取、液相萃取、新型搅拌棒吸附萃取、超声辅助萃取、微波辅助萃取、加速溶剂萃取、超临界流体萃取、分子印迹聚合物法、免疫亲和层析法和QuEChERS法等。固相萃取和液相萃取应用广泛,已开发的新型萃取方式很多。微波辅助萃取、超声辅助萃取和加速溶剂萃取是借助外力加快萃取速率。分子印迹聚合物法和免疫亲和层析法是针对某一种农药合成具有高度识别能力的聚合物和抗体来提高萃取选择性。该文总结近年来国内、国外环境样品中有机磷农药残留检测的前处理技术的分类、原理、应用现状及优劣,指出未来前处理时间短,富集倍数高,使用材料和试剂量少、毒性小的绿色前处理技术是今后发展的方向。

Organophosphorus pesticides account for a large proportion of the pesticides used in agricultural production in our country.The residues of the organophosphorus pesticides finally remain in the atmosphere,water and soil after a series of migration and transformation,which seriously threaten human health.The matrix of environmental samples is complex with extremely low content of pesticide residues,which is almost impossible to directly determine.Therefore,choosing appropriate pretreatment techniques for different environmental samples and different types of pesticides is the key to accurate determination of organophosphorus pesticides.At present,the pre-treatment technologies for the detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues mainly include solid phase extraction,liquid phase extraction,new type of stirring rod adsorption extraction,ultrasonic assisted extraction,microwave assisted extraction,accelerated solvent extraction,supercritical fluid extraction,molecularly imprinted polymer method,immunology affinity chromatography and QuEChERS method.Solid phase extraction and liquid phase extraction are widely applied,and many new extraction methods have been developed.Microwave-assisted extraction,ultrasonicassisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction use external force to accelerate the extraction rate.The molecularly imprinted polymer method and immunoaffinity chromatography method are to synthesize polymers and antibodies with high recognition ability for a certain pesticide to improve extraction selectivity.This paper summarizes the classification,principle,application situation,advantages and disadvantages of the pretreatment technologies used in the detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues in environmental samples domestically and overseas in recent years.In the future,the green pretreatment technology with shorter process time,higher enrichment factor,fewer using of the materials and reagents and lower toxicity will be the development trend.