业务过失犯罪注意能力之双重判断标准的建构

Construction of Double Judgment Standard of Attention Capacity in Business Negligence Crime

业务过失犯罪注意能力的判断标准以普通过失犯罪注意能力的判断标准为基础。从过失犯罪注意能力判断标准建构的维度出发,主要存在单一判断标准和双重判断标准的分歧。其中,单一判断标准包括主观说、客观说和折中说;双重判断标准主要存在违法—责任、规范—事实的观点。与其他判断标准相比,规范—事实双重判断标准在层次划分的标准、主客观问题的认识方面更具有合理性,其不仅符合过失犯罪注意能力的判断过程,也更加契合我国刑法的规定。因此,业务过失犯罪注意能力的判断标准应当以规范—事实的双重判断标准为基础,同时结合业务过失犯罪的特点以及刑法的规范保护目的予以建构:在规范的层面应当以法律规范的设定作为判断标准;在事实的层面应当根据行为人的自身因素进行消极的、排除性的判断。

The judging standard of attention capacity in business negligence crime is based on the judging standard of attention capacity in general negligence crime.From the dimension of constructing the judgment standard of attention capacity in negligence crime,main arguments exist between the single judgment standard and the double judgment standard.Among them,the single judgment standard includes the subjective theory,the objective theory,and the eclectic theory;the double judgment standard mainly includes the illegality-responsibility double judgment standard and the norm-fact double judgment standard.Compared with other judgment standards,the norm-fact double judgment standard is more reasonable in terms of hierarchical division standard and the recognition of subjective and objective issues.It conforms not only to the judgment process of negligent crime attention capacity,but also to the provisions of China’s criminal law.Therefore,the judging standard of attention capacity in business negligence crime should be constructed on the basis of the norm-fact double judgment standard and in combination with the characteristics of business negligence crime and the normative protection purpose of the criminal law:at the level of norm,legal regulations should be upheld as the judgment standard;at the level of fact,negative and exclusive judgments should be made based on factors of the perpetrator.