为“利维坦”注解:基于霍布斯治国施政思想的考察

Explaining“Leviathan”:an Investigation Based on Hobbes'Ideas of Governing the Country

启蒙时代,思想家们著书立说,正值可辨识的现代国家观的初创阶段。霍布斯的国家学说,基于人性恶之上推演出互为的战争状态,主张自然法、宣扬自然权利、达成社会契约等组件构建其国家治理学说体系。人们为了摆脱这种自然状态带来的恐惧和混乱,进入具有契约认可的“人为的”社会状态,从而保障公民自由。由契约结成的国家便是具备这一人格素养的主权者或者具有主权属性的组织。霍布斯沿袭传统作法,将“利维坦”式国家分为三种政体形式,并用三种政体类比的方法论证了君主制的优越性,表达对开明君主政体的倾向。霍布斯通过“分析-综合”的方法、修辞术的应用,把政治学提升到科学高度,从而开启了以政治科学思维对现代国家进行审视的先河,启迪着后人对国家学说的发展。

In the age of enlightenment,thinkers wrote books when they were at the phase of the beginning of the recognizable modern country view.Based on the evils of human nature,Hobbes'theory of the state deduced the state of war against each other.He advocated natural law,natural rights and social contract,which constructed his system of state governance theory.In order to get rid of the fear and confusion caused by the natural state,people entered into an“artificial”social state recognized by contracts to guarantee civil liberties.A state formed by contract is the organization of the sovereign people with personality accomplishment or the organization with sovereign attribute.Following the traditional approach,Hobbes divided the“Leviathan”state into three types of government form,and demonstrated the superiority of the monarchy with the analogy of the three types of regimes,and expressed his inclination for the enlightened monarchy.Hobbes promoted politics to a scientific level by means of analysis-synthesis method and the application of rhetoric,starting the examination of modern countries with political scientific thinking and enlightened the development of the state theory of later generations.