中国濒危兽类保护遗传学研究进展与展望

Research advances and perspectives of conservation genetics of threatened mammals in China

我国是全球生物多样性大国,拥有包括大熊猫、金丝猴、华南虎、麋鹿、白鱀豚等特有物种和旗舰物种在内的丰富兽类资源。近几十年来,土地利用模式转变、盗猎、环境污染、气候变化等因素使许多兽类物种面临生存威胁,导致物种遗传多样性丧失。而遗传多样性是生物多样性的基本组成部分,决定了物种和种群能否长期生存。保护遗传学作为保护生物学的一大分支学科,旨在通过遗传学分析探明种群遗传变异和物种濒危的遗传学机制。近40年来,随着研究手段和技术的不断发展,我国兽类保护遗传学在遗传多样性和近交水平评估、景观遗传学、生态遗传学和圈养种群遗传管理等方面都取得了重要成果。然而,未来人类社会发展可能为濒危兽类带来的威胁依然存在,高通量测序等新技术的进一步发展则能够帮助我们更加深入地了解濒危物种和种群遗传适应与濒危机制,从而实现对濒危兽类的有效管理与保护。

China is one of the world's mega-diverse countries.There are diverse terrestrial and marine mammals in China,including endemic and flagship species like the giant panda,snub-nosed monkey,South China tiger,Milu,and Baiji.However,habitat loss and fragmentation,poaching,pollution,and climate change imposed direct threats to mammals'survival,which resulted in the genetic diversity loss of species.Genetic diversity is the basic component of biodiversity and affects the long-term survival of species and populations.Therefore,conservation genetics was established as an important branch subject of conservation biology,aiming to investigate the population genetic variation and genetic mechanisms of species endangerment and extinction.With rapid development in research techniques and methods,great progress has been made in China in the past 40 years in the evaluation of genetic diversity and inbreeding,landscape genetics,ecological genetics,and genetic management on threatened mammals.Meanwhile,the threats to mammals'survival caused by human activities still exist.The further development of new techniques,such as high-throughput sequencing,could deepen our understanding of the genetic adaptation and endangerment processes of threatened mammals,and lead to more effective management and conservation.