让与担保效力论——以《民法典担保解释》第68条为中心

Effects of Alienation Guarantee——Focused on Article 68 of the Interpretation of Guarantee System of the Civil Code

在结构上,让与担保发挥的是自益信托效力,债权人获得了比其需要的担保权更多的完整性权利,而且当事人通过担保约定将债权人获得的所有权限定在担保目的之上。《民法典担保解释》第68条没有认清让与担保的信托本质,将担保约定的规则法定化,动摇了让与担保的基础。为了解决隐形担保的问题,《民法典担保解释》第68条特别规定在让与担保公示的前提下,让与担保才具有优先受偿效力。但反思之下,动产担保物权情况下的占有公示只能起到消极公示的目的,而在现代商业社会、当事人可以获得担保信息的情况下,占有的公示功能并非必要。进而,动产让与担保登记方式,既起不到公示作用,也无必要。所以,无论让与担保是否公示,债权人获得的均是真正所有权。《民法典担保解释》第68条第1款第2句只是物权化了担保约定中的变价效力。在让与担保实现时,应适用登记对抗效力规则以及《民法典》第414条的规则。由于债权人获得的是所有权,流质约定的内容通常不会是"债务人不履行债务的,担保物所有权归属于债务人",而是溢价回购等形式,对于流质约款的效力,可以类推适用《民法典》第428条。

In terms of structure, alienation guarantee has the effect of self-benefit trust, creditors get more integrity rights than security right they need, and the parties limit the ownership of the creditor to the purpose of the guarantee by means of a guarantee agreement. Article 68 of the Interpretation of Guarantee System of the Civil Code fails to recognize the trust nature of the alienation guarantee, legalizes the rules of the guarantee agreement, shaking the foundation of alienation guarantee. To address the problem of implicit guarantee, article 68 of the Interpretation of Guarantee System of the Civil Code specially stipulates that the alienation guarantee can enjoy the priority of compensation only on the premise of the publicity of the alienation guarantee. However, after reflection, in the case of the movable property security, the publicity with possession nature can only serve the purpose of negative publicity. In the modern commercial society, if the parties can obtain guaranteed information, the publicity function of possession is no more necessary. The registration method of chattel assignment guarantee neither serves the purpose of publicity, nor is it necessary. Consequently, whether or not the alienation guarantee is published, a creditor would gain the actual ownership. Interpretation of the Civil Code in Security only ruled the property right on the effect of the variation price in the guarantee agreement at Article 68(1) sentence 2. When the alienation guarantee is realized, the rule of antagonistic effect of registration and the article 414 of Civil Code shall be applied. Since the creditor acquires title, the content of the fluidity contract will not directly sentence "if the debtor doesn’t fulfill debt, the security interest belongs to the debtor", but to set a premium buy-backs. Also, article 428 of the Civil Code may be applied by analogy to the effect of the fluidity covenant.