“法律限制国家如何可能”:莱昂·狄骥法学思想的理论脉络与方法变迁

“The Possibility to Restrict the State by Law” : The Theoretical Context and Method Change of Léon Duguit’s Legal Thoughts

在我国学界的研究视野下,莱昂·狄骥一直被视为将社会学方法引入法学、创设社会连带主义法学派的代表性人物。在公法学体系中,狄骥打破了卢梭以降的"人民主权"学说,在国家和个人中间构造了缓和价值冲突的"社会",平衡自由主义与集体主义的冲突。狄骥从社会连带事实中发现"客观法",并在法社会学方法变迁中重新定义"国家":从"有机主义的神经中枢"走向"社会连带的具体事物"。狄骥将"客观法"确立为国家行为正当化之外部基准,并以三个具体制度为着力点延伸其国家理论的实践关照:加强立法合宪性审查、扩大公众参与以及改革议会组织。重返狄骥国家学说对我国当下国家治理去中心化、公法诉讼的功能设定以及在法律体系中如何安放事实等理论和实践问题均有启发。

From the perspective of Chinese academic research, Léon Duguit has been regarded as a representative figure who introduced sociological methods into law and created the law of social solidarity. In the public law system, Duguit broke Rousseau’s theory of "popular sovereignty", constructed a "society" between the state and the individual to ease the conflict of values, and balanced the conflict between liberalism and collectivism. Duguit found the "objective law" from the facts of social solidarity, and redefined the "state" in the changes of the method of sociology of law which is moving from "the organism nerve center" to "the concrete fact of social solidarity". Duguit established the "objective law" as the external criteria for the justification of state behaviors, and extended the practical attention of his state theory with three specific points as the focus,which are strengthening the constitutional review of legislation, expanding public participation and reforming the organization of parliament. Returning to Duguit’s State theory is instructive to the theoretical and practical issues of current China such as the decentralization of state governance, the function of public law litigation and how to coordinate the norms and the facts in the legal system.