三孩生育政策下农村老年人互助养老参与意愿的实证分析

Empirical analysis on the willingness of the rural elderly to participate in mutual support in the context of three-child policy

随着农村人口老龄化程度的加剧,农村养老问题成为政府和社会关注的热点,也是三孩政策想要解决的问题之一,当前农村面临着家庭养老模式功能弱化、社会养老模式保障不足等问题,在此背景下互助养老模式成为解决中国农村养老问题的新出路。为进一步了解老年人对互助养老模式的参与意愿并分析其影响因素,促进互助养老模式的健康、可持续发展,基于西安市357名60岁(含)以上老年人的调查数据,通过解释结构模型(ISM)对老年人互助养老参与意愿及其影响因素进行研究分析。研究表明,影响老年人参与互助养老的因素中,社区人员互动频率、"养儿防老"观念和社区满意度是直接表象因素,生活担忧度是间接中层因素,居住方式和家庭年收入是次间接中层因素,婚姻、生活自理能力、文化程度、子女学历和年龄是根源深层因素;为解决农村互助养老的发展困局,需要在思想上进一步改变部分老年人"养儿防老"的传统观念,鼓励引导老年人主动积极参与互助养老,在硬件上完善互助养老基础设施,建立管理者和组织者的竞争激励机制,在内容上扩展互助养老服务范围,不断满足老年人对于社交、尊重和自我实现的需要。

With the intensification of the degree of aging in rural population,the rural old-age care issue has become a hot topic of concern of the government and the society,as well as one of the problems aimed to be solved by the three-child policy.At present,the rural areas are faced with the weakening of the function of the family old-age care model,the lack of social old-age care model security etc.Under this background,the model of mutual support for the aged has become a new way to solve the old-age care problems in rural China.In order to further understand the elderly's willingness to participate in the mutual support model and analyze its influencing factors,so as to promote the healthy and sustainable development of the mutual support model,this paper analyzes the participation willingness of the elderly in mutual support and its influencing factors through the explanatory structure model(ISM),based on the survey data of 357 elderly people aged 60 or above in Xi'an city.The results show that among the factors affecting the elderly participating in mutual support,the interaction frequency of community members,the traditional concept of"raising children to provide for one's old age"and community satisfaction are the direct representation factors;degree of anxiety for life is an indirect middle-level factor;residence style and annual household income are secondary indirect middle-level factors;marriage,self-care ability,education level,children's education level and age are the underlying factors.Accordingly,to solve the development predicament in mutual support for the aged in rural areas,it is proposed to further change the traditional thinking of"raising children to provide for one's old age"of some elderly,encourage and guide the elderly to actively participate in mutual support,improve the infrastructure of mutual support for the aged,establish competition incentive mechanisms for the management personnel and organizers,expand the service scope of mutual support for the aged in content,and constantly come up with ways to satisfy the elderly's needs for social interaction,respect and self-actualization.