20世纪60年代美国火星生命探测争论及影响——以1964年水手四号发射前后的社会争论为中心

Controversy Over and Influence of the U.S.Mars Life Detection in the 1960s:Based on the Controversy Around the Mariner-Ⅳin 1964

美国在20世纪60年代将火星生命探测列为其行星探测的战略目标,1964年的水手4号成为了人类第一颗成功飞越火星的探测器。本文通过回顾美国这一战略的形成过程以及围绕1964年水手4号产生的广泛社会争议,对于地外生物学视野下的火星优势给出了解释,对于美国地外生物学派的形成过程进行了梳理,对于火星生命探测正反双方的多层次矛盾进行了阐述,对于大众传媒将火星生命作为火星战略价值判断标准给美国的火星探测带来的负面影响进行了分析,从而为我国的火星探测提供合理的借鉴。

The U.S.government aimed at life detection on the Mars in the 1960s.As a result,the Mariner-IV became the first successful fly-by detector in human history.This article reviewed the process of the strategy and the controversy around the Mariner-IV,explaining why the Mars became the first choice for exploring exobiology,describing the process of exobiologists gathering in the group of NASA,counting different controversies and the reasons,and analyzing the negative effect of media dissemination.This article ends with advice for future Mars exploration in China.