军事航天装备试验中的环境正义

Environmental Justice in Military Space Equipment Tests

军事航天装备试验环境影响的主要方面包括太空碎片、外空核动力、外空核爆炸等。军事航天装备试验实质上是以整个地球作为实验室,具有影响的全球性、效应的复杂性、后果的长期性三大特点,引发了深刻的伦理困境。军事航天装备试验的代内环境公正问题体现在妨碍外空自由探索利用,造成军事利益、环境风险和治理成本在不同人群间不均衡、不公正分配等方面,其实质是太空"公地悲剧"。避免该悲剧需要我们重新审视太空利用中的"自由"原则,采取协调一致的行动。军事航天装备试验会妨碍我们的子孙后代对太空开发利用,引发代际环境公正问题。魏伊丝提出的"保留选择空间""保持质量不降""保障获取利用"三原则为解决问题提供了有用的思路。

The main aspects of the environmental impacts of military space equipment tests include space debris,nuclear power sources in outer space and nuclear exploding in outer space.Military space equipment tests essentially turn the whole planet earth into a laboratory,thus which can be characterized by the global impacts,the complexity of effects and the long term of consequences,and they have caused profound ethical dilemmas.Military space equipment tests have caused intra-generation environmental justice problems,including impeding the free exploring and exploiting of outer space,causing unjust distributing of military advantages,environmental risks and repairing costs among different social groups.The essence of these problems is the“tragedy of the commons”in outer space.To avoid the tragedy,we should reexamine the principle of freedom in the exploiting of outer space and adopt coordinated action.Military space equipment tests may also hamper our descendants to exploit the outer space and cause Inter-generation environmental justice problems.The principles of“conservation of options”“conservation of quality”and“conservation of access”proposed by Edith Brown Weiss provide useful insights for solving these problems.