海德格尔存在概念中的神话要素及其社会历史意蕴——阿多诺的分析及其启示

Mythic Elements in Heidegger’s Concept of being and Its Socio-Historical Implications——Adorno’s Analysis and Its Implications

在阿多诺看来,海德格尔的存在概念包含了一种抽象的秩序,而这种抽象的秩序也不否定个人的作用。这种存在概念把人的自大狂意识与对于抽象秩序的服从结合在一起,把意志自由与人对于秩序的服从结合在一起。这恰恰与阿多诺所理解的神话相一致。而海德格尔的存在概念之中的神话要素与他对于筹划、命运的理解结合在一起。筹划本来是人的筹划,显示了人的自主性,但海德格尔的筹划却不是人自身的筹划,而是存在的投射,这种存在的投射显示出一种命运的特点。自主的个人最终屈从于命运,争取自由的努力演变为对于自由的恐惧。海德格尔思想中的神话要素还表现出了对自然的崇拜,体现在他的"家园"概念之中,其中潜藏着法西斯主义的意识。然而,由于存在论与社会历史之间存在着一种若即若离的关系,因此我们不能简单地把存在论和法西斯主义等同起来,也不能简单地认为它与法西斯主义毫无关系。

For Adorno,Heidegger’s concept of being contains an abstract order that does not negate the role of the individual.This concept of being combines man’s sense of megalomania with his obedience to the abstract order,and freedom of will with man’s obedience to the order.This is precisely in line with the myth as understood by Adorno.The mythic element in Heidegger’s concept of being is combined with his understanding of planning and fate.Planning is originally human planning,showing the autonomy of the human being.However,Heidegger’s planning is not the planning of the human being himself,but the projection of being that shows a destiny.The autonomous individual eventually succumbs to fate,and the struggle for freedom evolves into a fear of freedom.The mythic element in Heidegger’s thought also manifests itself in the worship of nature,embodied in his concept of"home",in which a sense of Fascism lurks.Nevertheless,since there exists an irrelevancy between ontology and social history,we cannot simply equate ontology with fascism,nor can we simply assume that it has nothing to do with Fascism.