中国生态农场发展空间与对策建议

The development space of and recommendations for ecological farms in China

生态农场是发达国家农业环境政策的主要实施对象,是我国生态农业建设的基本单位,成为农业绿色发展的有效抓手。本文依托跨时7年的生态农场调查数据,结合农业农村部5年的生态农业基地建设经验,得出了我国4个区域和3类生态农场的经济参数,进一步依据我国新型农业经营主体发展规划,按照3%~5%生态化转型比例,评估了生态农场在区域和全国尺度的发展空间,分析了生态农场促进农业绿色发展的产业价值,从战略层面提出我国近期生态农场建设的最新要求和政策建议。结果显示:1)从区域看,华南地区生态农场投入产出效率最高,东北地区生态农场投入产出效率最低;从类型看,种养结合单体产投比和利润率最高,养殖型和种植型单体产投比、利润率较小。2)到2022年,国内生态农场将达到3万~5万家,生态农场区域规模排序为:华北地区>长江中下游地区>东北地区>华南地区,可有效带动市场投资和提供就业机会。3)近期应在“长三角”地区和部分重点区域,率先建成一批具有全国示范引领作用的生态农场,逐步向全国推广生态农场评价工作,优化生态农场补偿政策,打造生态农场大数据系统,培育生态农场产业化平台,创设生态农场产业投融资机制。

Ecological farms are the main implementation objects for agricultural environmental policy in developed countries. Ecological farms represent the basic unit of promotion for ecological agriculture in China and have become an effective approach for agricultural green development. Based on a 7-year field investigation and 5 years of experience in the construction of eco-agriculture bases, the economic parameters of four regions of China(Northeast China, North China, the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, and South China) and three types of ecological farms(planting farm, breeding farm, plant-breeding combined farm)were obtained. According to the development plan of China’s new type of agricultural business and the proportion of 3%-5% ecological transformation, the development space of ecological farms at the regional and national scales was evaluated, and the industrial value of the ecological farms in promoting agricultural green development was analyzed. The latest requirements and policy recommendations for China’s recent ecological farm construction were put forward at the strategic level. The results show that: 1) the inputoutput efficiency of ecological farms in South China is the greatest and that in Northeast China is the lowest. With respect to ecological farm type, ecological farms carrying out planting-breeding have the greatest input-output ratio and average profit margin, but breeding-based ecological farms and planting-based ecological farms have lower input-output ratios and average profit margins.2) There will be 30 000-50 000 ecological farms in China by 2022, and the scale of industrial value for the ecological farms ranks as North China > the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River > Northeast China > South China, which will effectively drive market investment and provide employment opportunities. 3) Recently, it is necessary to build several ecological farms as the national demonstrations in the Yangtze River Delta region and other key areas, gradually promote the evaluation of ecological farms throughout the country. Meantime, optimizing the compensation policies, building a big data system, cultivating an industrialization platform, creating the investment and financing mechanism, and cultivating talented workforce and market subjects who would be engaged in the operation and management of ecological farms should be conducted.