世界级雪上竞速类项目运动员关键竞技特征及训练策略

Key Competitive Characteristics and Training Strategies of World-Class Athletes in Snow Racing Sports

我国冬奥雪上竞速类项目的竞技水平与世界优势国家存在较大差距。拟基于冬奥雪上竞速类项目的国际文献,探究世界级运动员的关键竞技特征及其训练策略,为我国雪上项目2022年冬奥备战冲刺年的精准训练明晰目标导向。研究显示世界级雪上竞速类项目运动员核心技术动作的经济性更高,表现为越野滑雪平地双杖推撑的周期更长、周期速度降低更少,高山滑雪卡宾转弯的半径更短;各单项的能量代谢类型差异显著,但均具备高度发展的有氧、无氧及相互转换能力;快速推蹬时的下肢爆发力、控制姿态时的平衡能力以及持续高速时的速度耐力等运动素质表现更为突出。世界级雪上竞速类项目运动员的关键训练策略在于注重可穿戴等前沿技术多源采集并反馈动作参数,强调高原训练和间歇训练突出有氧代谢能力提升,加大移植引进及创新等多种路径融合发展训练方法,从而有力促进竞训水平的提升。

There is a big gap between the competitive level of snow racing in winter Olympics in China and the world’s dominant countries.Based on the international literature research of winter Olympic snow racing events,this paper explored into the key competitive characteristics and training strategies of world-class athletes,and provided the goal orientation for the precision training of 2022 winter Olympic sprint year in China.The results showed that the energy utilization efficiency of the core technique of world-class snow racing athletes was higher,including longer cycles and a lower reduction in cycle velocity of double poling of cross-country skiing on flat terrain,a shorter radius of the carving turn of alpine skiing.The types of energy metabolism of snow sports were obviously different,but all the athletes had highly developed capacity of aerobic,anaerobic and their inter-conversion.The lower extremity explosive force of pushing and pedaling,the balance ability of controlling body posture and the speed endurance of maintaining higher speed was excellent.The key training strategy for world-class snow racing athletes was to focus on real-time feedback of skill parameters by wearable and other frontier technologies,to emphasis on altitude training and interval training to enhance aerobic metabolic capacity,to increase the transplantation and integration of development and other ways of innovation in training methods,to promote the improvement of training and competition level.