认罪认罚从宽制度的构设机理与完善进路——基于中国特色认罪协商制度视角

The Establishment Mechanism and Improvement Approach of the System of Leniency based on Pleading and Accepting Punishment--Based on the Plea Bargaining System of China

作为刑事司法与犯罪治理的“中国方案”,认罪认罚从宽制度具有实体法和程序法多重价值蕴含,其内在逻辑应是国家追诉与诉讼民主平衡下的控辩双方互附条件妥协。现行认罪认罚从宽制度特别是实体从宽实现机制未能较好地体现上述理念建构,存在平等性与对等性不足、置换性与契约性未彰、制衡性与救济性缺失等问题,制度供给相对于司法实践需求不足。认罪认罚从宽制度的完善需要运用边际效用原理、公平博弈原理、契约规制原理等进行制度扩容,逐步实现控辩协商关系明晰化、控辩协商对价确定化、控辩对向规制对等化、控辩协议审查中立化。制度扩容的具体要求是进一步明确和强化有关协商条款的适用效力和适用程序,突出控方主导地位;制度扩容的保障包括强化真实意思表示保障,突出控方处分诉权保障,建立特殊防范救济保障以及完善程序转化衔接保障。

As the“Chinese scheme”of criminal justice and crime governance,the system of leniency based on pleading and accepting punishment has multiple values of substantive law and procedural law,and its internal logic should be the conditional compromise between the prosecution and defense under the balance of national prosecution and lawsuit democracy.The current system of leniency based on pleading and accepting punishment,especially the realization mechanism of entity leniency,fails to reflect the above theories,and there are problems including the lack of equality and equivalence,the lack of substitution and contract,the lack of balance and remedy,etc.,and the legal system is insufficient compared with the demand of judicial practice.To improve the system of leniency based on pleading and accepting punishment,it is necessary to use the principle of marginal utility,the principle of fair game and the principle of contract regulation to expand the system,and gradually realize the clarity of the prosecutor-defense negotiation relationship,the determination of the consideration for prosecutor-defense negotiation,the equivalence of prosecutor-defense regulation and the neutrality of prosecutor-defense agreement review.The specific requirements of system expansion are to further clarify and strengthen the application effectiveness and application procedure of relevant negotiation clauses,and to highlight the dominant position of the prosecution party.Meanwhile,the guarantee of system expansion includes strengthening the guarantee of true intention expression,protruding the guarantee of prosecution party's right of action in punishment,establishing the guarantee of special prevention and relief,and improving the guarantee of cohesive transformation of procedures.