《民法典》情势变更制度的体系构造与程序要义

The System Structure and Procedural Essentials of the Circumstance Change System in Civil Code of the People's Republic of China

相较于《关于适用〈中华人民共和国合同法〉若干问题的解释(二)》第二十六条,《中华人民共和国民法典》第五百三十三条所规定的情势变更制度在体系构造上既有守成也有创新,具备相应的法律意义和进一步研究空间。不可抗力制度与情势变更制度可以实现功能互补;在法律上或者事实上不能履行时不能适用情势变更制度,而应直接适用《中华人民共和国民法典》第五百八十条的规定;在因履行费用过高致使不能实现合同目的时,可能在法定解除权、司法解除权与情势变更制度之间形成竞合;第三人原因能否引起情势变更制度需以情势变更制度的内部构造和体系构造进行审查。情势变更制度不直接发生免责效果,其与违约责任的承担分属两个阶段。情势变更制度中的再协商程序是倡导性规范,可以通过调解制度融入我国司法裁判。

Compared with Article 26 of Interpretations of Certain Issues Concerning the Application of the Contract Law of the People's Republic of China(Part Two),the circumstance change system stipulated in Article 533 of Civil Code of the People's Republic of China is both conservative and innovative in system structure,and has corresponding legal significance and further research space.The force majeure system and the circumstance change system can complement each other in function;the circumstance change system cannot be applied when the performance cannot be performed legally or in fact,and the provisions of Article 580 of the Civil Code should be directly applied;when the contract cannot be realized due to the high cost of performance,there may be a competition between the legal dissolution right,the judicial dissolution right and the circumstance change system;whether the third-party cause can cause the circumstance change system needs to be examined by the internal structure and system structure of the circumstance change system.The circumstance change system does not directly produce the effect of exemption,and it and the responsibility for breach of contract belong to two stages.The renegotiation procedure in the circumstance change system is an advocacy norm,which can be integrated into our country's judicial judgment through the mediation system.