论突发事件应急处置中的行政处罚——基于对《行政处罚法》第四十九条的规范分析

ON THE ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES IN THE EMERGENCY HANDLING OF EMERGENCIES:BASED ON THE NORMATIVE ANALYSIS OF ARTICLE 49 OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE PUNISHMENT LAW

2021年最新修订的《行政处罚法》发布,其中第四十九条为行政机关对违反突发事件应对措施的行为实施从重从快处罚提供了法律依据。基于对该条内容和结构的规范分析以及应急管理制度的体系性考察,应当明确:该条仅适用能够引起严重社会危害的重大突发公共事件的应急处置阶段;该条中的“突发事件应对措施”仅指应急处置措施,有应急管理法律、应急处置通告等多种表现形式,包括救助性、限制性、保护性和保障性等4种应急处置措施;该条的“快速”处罚要求行政机关在不违法的前提下,运用简便迅捷的方式,缩短案件办理时间;“从重”处罚则要求行政机关在法定处罚种类和幅度内,根据违法主体的主观恶性程度、违法行为引起的社会危害后果等因素,作出与其过错相当的行政处罚。

Article 49 of the Administrative Punishment Law revised in 2021 provides a legal basis for administrative agency to impose prompt and heavier punishment for violation of emergency event that is treating power.Based on a normative analysis of the content and structure of this article as well as the systematic inspection of the emergency management system,it should be clear that this article only applies to the emergency handling phase of major public emergencies that can cause serious social harm;the"countermeasures of emergency event"in this article only refers to emergency handling measures,it has multiple manifestations such as emergency management laws and emergency handling notices,including four categories of rescue handling measures,restrictive handling measures,protective handling measures and safeguard emergency handling measures;the prompt punishment in this article requires administrative agency on the premise of not breaking the law to use simple and quick methods to shorten the time for handling cases;the heavier punishment requires the administrative agency to make an administrative penalty equivalent to its fault within the statutory types and ranges of punishments,based on the subjective degree of the offender′s subjective malignancy,and the social harm consequences of the illegal act punishment.