康德的自我理论:自我的实在性及其确证

Kant′s Self Theory:The Reality of Self and Its Justification

康德的自我理论主要解决普遍必然性知识何以可能以及自我何以存在的问题。目前大多数研究将这两个方面割裂开来而无法完整理解康德的自我理论;即便在结合起来的研究中,要么没有认识到可能存在的矛盾,要么在矛盾面前止步不前。借用康德先验感性论中的思路,这两个方面分别通过自我的“先验演绎”和自我的“形而上学演绎”完成。前者表明具有自发性的统觉的先验统一是知识客观有效性的重要条件,后者表明自我是在实在性(Realitat)的意义上存在,而非现实性(Wirklichkeit)的意义上存在,区分现实性与实在性因而成为理解康德自我理论的关键,它表明康德在自我问题上并不存在真正的矛盾,前后一贯。

Kant′s theory of the self mainly solves the problem of how the knowledge of universal necessity is possible and why the self exists.In current studies,most have separated these two aspects and failed to comprehend Kant′s theory of the self completely.Even in the studies combining these two aspects,they either fail to recognize the possible contradictions or stand still in the face of contradictions.Borrowing the train of thought from Kant′s transcendental aesthetic theory,these two aspects are completed through the transcendental deduction of self and the metaphysical deduction of self respectively.The former shows that the transcendental unity with spontaneous apperception is an important condition for the objective validity of knowledge,while the latter shows that the self exists in the sense of Realitat and not in the sense of Wirklichkeit.The distinction between Wirklichkeit and Realitat is therefore the key to understanding Kant′s theory of the self.It shows that Kant has no real contradiction in the question of the self.