从经食、饮水和吸入途径评估8种经济林常用农药对鸟类的暴露风险

Avian risk assessment of eight pesticides commonly used in economic forests through the dietary,drinking water and inhalation routes

采用《农药登记环境风险评估指南第3部分:鸟类》中的暴露分析模型及美国环保署的SIP模型和STIR模型,分别从经食、饮水和吸入3种途径对残杀威、虫螨腈、敌敌畏、敌百虫、马拉硫磷、杀螟硫磷、茚虫威和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐8种农药对鸟类的暴露风险进行了评估。农药的登记作物信息及其用药数据来源于“中国农药信息网”,鸟类的毒理学数据源于美国环保署、欧洲食品安全局、有机小分子生物活性数据库以及农药特性数据库。评估结果表明:经食途径暴露后,残杀威对鸟类的初级急性风险为不可接受,对鸟类的初级长期风险为可接受,敌敌畏、虫螨腈、敌百虫和杀螟硫磷对鸟类的初级急性、短期和长期风险均不可接受,马拉硫磷对鸟类的初级短期和长期风险均不可接受,茚虫威和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对鸟类的初级急性、短期和长期风险均可接受;通过饮水途径暴露后,虫螨腈和茚虫威对鸟类的急性和慢性风险无需关注,其余6种农药对鸟类的急性和慢性风险需引起关注;通过吸入途径暴露后,只有敌敌畏的挥发吸入风险需引起关注,其余7种农药对鸟类的雾滴吸入和挥发吸入风险均无需关注。综上所述,8种林业常用农药中,仅茚虫威通过经食、饮水和吸入3种途径暴露后对鸟类的风险可接受或无需关注,因此,除茚虫威外,其余7种农药在林业上使用时对鸟类的风险均需加以关注。评估结果可为今后这8种农药在经济林中安全施用提供参考,同时也对我国鸟类风险评估方法的完善提出了建议。但本研究开展的仅为初级风险评估,评估结果较为保守,后续还可通过开展相关调查及毒理学研究,进一步优化评估参数,获得更为精确的评估结果。

The exposure risk through the dietary,drinking water and inhalation routes of eight pesticides,namely propoxur,chlorfenapyr,dichlorvos,trichlorfon,malathion,fenitrothion,indoxacarb and emamectin benzoate to birds was evaluated using the exposure models including“guidelines on environmental risk assessment for pesticide registration—part 3:birds”,SIP model and STIR model.The registration of crops for pesticides and their application information were obtained from“China Pesticide Information Network”.The avian toxicological data were obtained from United States Environmental Protection Agency,European Food Safety Authority,PubChem and Pesticide Properties Database.Results showed that,through the dietary route,the primary acute risk of propoxur to birds was unacceptable.The primary long-term risk of propoxur to birds was acceptable.The primary acute,short-term and long-term risks of dichlorvos,chlorfenapyr,trichlorfon and fenitrothion to birds were unacceptable.The primary short-term and long-term risks of malathion to birds were unacceptable.The primary acute,short-term and long-term risks of indoxacarb and emamectin benzoate to birds were acceptable.Through the drinking water route,the acute and chronic risks of chlorfenapyr and indoxacarb to birds were not of concern,and the risks of the other 6 pesticides need to be concerned.Through the inhalation route,only the volatilized inhalation risk of dichlorvos to birds need to be concerned,and the droplet inhalation and volatile inhalation risks of the other 7 pesticides to birds are not of concern.In summary,among the 8 pesticides commonly used in forestry,only the risk of indoxacarb to birds was acceptable or not of conceren through all of the dietary,drinking water and inhalation routes.The risks of the other 7 pesticides to bird needed to be concerned.Our assessment could provide the references for the safe application of those 8 pesticides in the economic forest and proposals for the improvement of methods to assess the risk of pesticide to birds in China.However,only primary risk assessment was performed in this study,leading to conserved results.More accurate assessment results could be obtained by carrying out investigation and toxicology studies.