调和偕适:白居易诗歌的儒禅观

The View of Confucianism and Zen in Bai Juyi’s Poems: Adaptation and Harmony

佛教东传,与传统儒学交织碰撞,始终处于矛盾与调和之中。至中唐时期,士人群体不同程度地呈现出儒禅思想矛盾对立的倾向。白居易作为崇佛文人的典型,礼敬佛教诸宗,却同时执着于儒家的济世怀抱,致力讽喻,对佛教有违王化处激烈批判;追求禅境的超脱拔俗,又尽享世俗之乐,重生惧死,充满人生焦虑;遭遇贬谪,流露出厌倦官场的避世之志,亦不加掩饰地表达对官阶及富贵的倾心,明确提出仕隐两全的“中隐”概念。白居易诗歌的仕隐矛盾正是中唐吏隐互融、佛隐交涉现象的文化体现。其“中隐”观暗合了大乘佛法的超越精神,圆融巧妙地迎合了渴望功名又不甚得志之士大夫的自尊与怀抱。面对人生焦虑、生死困惑,儒禅二道在“知命”观念上存在内在的一致性,学儒问禅均系白氏解惑“在欲行禅”矛盾表现的方式。白居易儒禅相契,以实用主义态度调和儒禅矛盾,适应了社会和自我需求,呼应了中唐农禅(洪州宗)“平常心是道”的理念与主张。

The eastward spread of Buddhism has been intertwined and collided with traditional Confucianism,and it is always in contradiction and reconciliation.In the mid-Tang Dynasty,the scholars who believe in Confucianism and Buddhism showed contradictions to varying degrees.Bai Juyi,a typical Buddhist literati,respects all Buddhist sects,but at the same time clings to the compassion of Confucianism.He worked hard to write satirical poems,and strongly criticized Buddhism for its violation of moral education.He pursues the transcendence of Zen,enjoys worldly pleasures,values rebirth and fears death,full of life anxiety.He was relegated,showing a desire to escape from the world,tired of officialdom,and unabashedly expressed his love for career development,wealth and honor,and explicitly put forward the concept of“inclusiveness”that combines officialdom and privacy.The contradiction between Bai Juyi’s officialdom and hermit is the cultural manifestation of the intermingling of officials in the middle Tang Dynasty and the negotiating between Buddhism and hermit.His view of“inclusiveness”coincides with the transcendence of Mahayana Buddhism.It subtly caters to the self-esteem of the scholars who long for fame but are banished from the court.In the face of life anxiety and death confusion,Confucianism and Zen have an inherent consistency in the concept of“knowing fate”.Learning Confucianism and Zen is a way for him to solve the contradictions of“meditating with desire”.Bai Juyi reconciled the contradictions between Confucianism and Zen with a pragmatic attitude,adapted to the needs of society and self,and lived up to the concept and proposition of the Middle Tang Dynasty’s Agriculture Zen(Hongzhou Zen)that“Normal mindset is the way”.