美国大学平权行动:从种族倾斜走向阶层倾斜?

Affirmative Action in American Universities: From Racial Preference to Class Preference?

美国大学推行平权行动的基本目的是通过对特定少数族裔的优惠录取实现校园的多样性。该政策已存续半个世纪之久,与之相伴的合理性争论从未停止,反对、修正和废除平权行动的力量始终存在。平权行动的司法争议很大程度上源于联邦最高法院的模糊立场;平权行动存废之争的背后,是针对"历史补偿"的道德争议,围绕"多样性"的学理争议,以及有关"受益者发展水平"的政策效果争议;百分比计划、逆境指数工具等替代性方案的推出,展现了平权行动改革从"种族倾斜"向"阶层倾斜"的行动转向。政府立场、公众态度以及州级层面的平权行动禁令是影响大学平权行动发展的重要外部政治力量。

Affirmative action in American universities aims to achieve campus diversity through preferential admission to certain minorities. The policy has been around for half a century, and the controversy about it has never ceased. The power to oppose, amend and abolish affirmative action has always existed. Judicial disputes on affirmative action are largely due to the ambiguous sentence of the Federal Supreme Court;Behind the controversy over affirmative action is a series of arguments on the historical compensation, the diversity doctrine, and the policy effects. The alternative policies such as top percent plans and adversity index tool show that the affirmative action reform has been transferred from “racial preference” to “class preference”. The government’s position, public attitudes, and state-level bans constitute an important external political force that affects the development of affirmative action in universities.