从秦穆公的悲剧到秦国的悲剧——以《秦本纪》载《黄鸟》叙事的矛盾为中心

From the Tragedy of QinMuGong to the Tragedy of Qin State:Centering on the Contradiction between the Narration of The Yellow Bird in The Biography of Qin

《秦本纪》在记述秦穆公之亡时对《左传》中《黄鸟》相关叙事文本的载录,一方面展示了秦穆公的“杀贤”之行,使其与前文近乎完美的形象形成极大反差;另一方面其中“秦不能复东征”的预言也与后文秦国最终“东征”成功的历史事实不符。这两重文本的矛盾并非是司马迁在叙事中的困境与失误,而是寄寓着太史公深刻的“过秦”思想,是其历史逻辑、著史考量与宏阔历史视野的综合展现。秦穆公贤明厚德,死后却留下“以人为殉”的污名,一生尽力伐晋,却屡屡受挫。司马迁以一国之事系于一人之身,暗示了秦文化的残暴与落后造就了秦穆公的悲剧,也为秦国最终二世而亡的悲剧埋下了伏笔。

When describing the death of QinMuGong,The Biography of Qin recorded the relevant narrative texts of the Yellow Bird in ZuoZhuan.This not only forms a great contrast with the nearly perfect image of QinMuGong in the preceding text,but also the prediction that“Qin can't expedition in eastern”is inconsistent with the historical fact that Qin finally succeeded in“expedition in eastern”.The contradiction between these two texts is not SimaQian's dilemma and error in narration,but the profound thought of“Criticize Qin”embodied by SimaQian,and the comprehensive display of his historical logic,historical considerations and broad historical vision.The QinMuGong,a wise and virtuous man,left behind the stigma of“being martyred”after his death.He tried his best to attack The State of Jin,but he was repeatedly defeated.SimaQian depended on one man for the affairs of one country.The cruelty and backwardness of Qin culture caused the tragedy of QinMuGong,and laid focus for the tragedy of the death of the second emperor of Qin.