晚清上海租界地产地图的历史考察(1845—1911)

Research on the Land Parcel Maps of Shanghai Foreign Settlements in the Late Qing Dynasty(1845-1911)

本文回顾了晚清上海租界地产地图的历史变迁,研究发现大致经历了三个阶段:第一个阶段为会丈局成立之前主要是地保地图,道契立契时的地图亦根据地保地图绘制。该地图采用了晚清传统的测绘方法,精度相对有限;第二阶段在1889年会丈局成立后。会丈局制定了《上海会丈局酌议定章》,完善了道契的测量流程,在计算方法上予以革新,其绘制地图也有了明显提高,但与西方现代的测绘方法相比仍存在差距。第三阶段为1900年工部局清丈局成立后,租界地区及边界外1英里范围内的丈量,由工部局派员参与,并绘制地块地图,由于采用了西方测绘技术,精度较高。

This article reviews the historical changes of land parcel maps of the Shanghai foreign settlements in the late Qing Dynasty from 1843 to 1911.From the opening of Shanghai in 1843 to the establishment of the Huizhangju(会丈局Chinese land native office)in 1889,Chinese land parcel maps which were mainly made or collected by DIBAO(地保)played very important role in Foreign perpetual lease.The land parcel maps attached in Title Deed were mainly redrawn according to Chinese maps.The Chinese maps used the traditional technology and mapping methods of the late Qing Dynasty with relatively limited accuracy.The situation has been improved since the establishment of Huizhangju in 1889.Huizhangju formulated new survey institutions,which improved the measurement process of Title Deed,and innovated the calculation method.So the precision of maps made by Huizhangju has also been significantly improved.In 1900,the Cadastral Office of the Municipal Council of International Settlement was established,and it introduced a new regulation:the staff of the cadastral office should take part in the land survey in the scope of the Settlement and within 1 mile beyond the boundary and drew the land parcel map attached to Title Deed.Due to the use of Western surveying and mapping technology,the accuracy of cadastral office’s land parcel maps was high.