图书馆系统演变及其元数据管理

A Brief History of Library Systems and Their Metadata Management

图书馆系统自1950年代起步,由最初的单模块系统逐渐发展到整合采编典流等多个模块,并以MARC格式为轴的第一代集成系统。随着信息生态的变化,无论是封闭的MARC格式还是系统的堆叠式开发,都使其丧失了“集成性”。鉴于此,新一代图书馆系统,即图书馆服务平台通过设计统一的数据模型与集中式元数据仓储,实现了对全媒体资源和多种元数据标准的兼容,初步实现纸电一体化。相较于商业化的Alma,开源的FOLIO平台为图书馆提供了一个更加自主的平台。在元数据管理方面,FOLIO设计了“统一记录—业务记录—正式记录”的分层描述原则,构建从抽象层到详细描述层的链路。顶层的统一记录即Codex是整个平台的数据注册与链接中心,制定了兼容多种媒体资源的数据模型与最小元素集,消除了描述标准、数据格式和存储位置的差异。FOLIO也为知识融合和实体管理提供了实施基础与方案。一方面以BIBFRAME 2.0和DC为基础的Co⁃dex,为面向实体的元数据管理提供了足够的灵活性;另一方面,FOLIO设计了单独的实体管理APP,进行跨域的实体规范控制。这不仅可以对本地规范数据和取值词表进行创建、发布和永久URI维护,也可以对外部多源数据进行整合与利用。

The oldest library systems in the 1950 s only had some separated modules. Later on,ILS or Integrated Library Systems with multiple modules and adopting MARC as a metadata management solution appeared.However,with the change of information ecology,and as a result of MARC’s closeness and ILS’s stacked development,the first generation of ILS has lost its "integration". In response,the new-generation library integrated system,i.e.,the library service platform,has achieved compatibility with all-media resources and multiple data standards through the design of a unified data model and central metadata repository, and has preliminarily realized the integration of printed,electronic and digital resources. FOLIO provides libraries with a more autonomous platform than Alma. In terms of metadata management,FOLIO designs a hierarchical description principle of "Unifying records-Working records-Formal records" to construct the link from the abstraction layer to the detailed description layer. The top-level unifying records,namely Codex,is the data registration and linking center. It provides its own conceptual data model for describing multimedia resources,integrating metadata of various resources regardless of their format,encoding and storage. Moreover,FOLIO provides both basis and solutions for knowledge consilience and entity management. On one hand,based on the BIBFRAME 2.0 model and DC elements,Codex provides enough flexibility to meet the next generation of entity object-oriented metadata management. On the other hand,a separate Entities Management App could be developed for integrating both external and internal linked data sources across FOLIO applications. The Entities Management App is the module of the FOLIO architecture where entity data is managed,created,stored and published.