Fluorescent cholangiography: An up-to-date overview twelve years after the first clinical application

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)is one of the most frequently performed gastrointestinal surgeries worldwide.Bile duct injury(BDI)represents the most serious complication of LC,with an incidence of 0.3%-0.7%,resulting in significant perioperative morbidity and mortality,impaired quality of life,and high rates of subsequent medico-legal litigation.In most cases,the primary cause of BDI is the misinterpretation of biliary anatomy,leading to unexpected biliary lesions.Near-infrared fluorescent cholangiography is widely spreading in clinical practice to delineate biliary anatomy during LC in elective and emergency settings.The primary aim of this article was to perform an up-to-date overview of the evolution of this method 12 years after the first clinical application in 2009 and to highlight all advantages and current limitations according to the available scientific evidence.