巨玫瑰葡萄不同生育阶段养分需求特性研究

A study on nutrition requirement characteristics in different developmental phases of Jumeigui grapevine(Vitis vinifera×V.labrusca)

【目的】探究巨玫瑰葡萄不同生育阶段对各必需营养元素的吸收分配比率、需求比例、吸收速率和需求量等需求特性指标,为巨玫瑰葡萄的科学合理施肥提供理论依据。【方法】以9年生贝达嫁接的巨玫瑰葡萄为试材,2017—2018年分别在其关键生育期整株取样,对树体各必需营养元素的含量进行测定。【结果】不同生育阶段巨玫瑰葡萄对各元素均有一定需求。末花期至转色期对各元素的需求量均最大,占全年总需求量的39.18%~53.19%。萌芽期至始花期氮和铁、转色期至采收期钾和钙及采收期至落叶期镁的吸收分配比率均超过20%。生产1000 kg果实需要氮4.77 kg、磷1.41 kg、钾6.08 kg、钙5.05 kg、镁0.96 kg、铁124.86 g、锰31.05 g、锌26.17 g、硼33.89 g、铜6.83 g、钼0.27 g。全年各营养元素的需求比例氮∶磷∶钾∶钙∶镁为10.00∶2.97∶12.74∶10.65∶2.02,铁∶锰∶锌∶铜∶硼∶钼为10.00∶2.48∶2.09∶2.72∶0.55∶0.02。【结论】巨玫瑰葡萄对钾的需求量最高,钙与氮相近,镁与磷相近,施肥管理需要重视每个生育阶段各种必需营养元素的供给。

【Objective】Jumeigui grape(Shenyang big-berry muscat×Kyoho)is a self-selected cultivar with a large planting area in our country.It has big berry size,high quality,and a strong rose fragrance,which is widely favored by consumers.However,the problems of soft fruit and poor performance in storage and transportation of Jumeigui grape seriously affect its economic profit and large-scale promotion.A number of studies have shown that there is a positive correlation between the nutrient level and the firmness and the storage and transportation performance of the fruit.Currently,empirical fertilization and random fertilization in grape production in our country is widespread,which seriously restricts the healthy and sustainable development of the industry.Balanced fertilization and formula fertilization according to the nutrient requirement characteristics of grape are necessary for green,high-quality and efficient production of grapes.This study examined the absorption and distribution,and demand of each essential nutrient element in Jumeigui grape at different developmental phases in order to provide theoretical reference for reasonable fertilization of Jumeigui grape.【Methods】Nine-year-old Jumeigui grapevines on Beta rootstock were used as the experimental materials in this study,which was carried out in the demonstration table grape orchard,in Institute of Pomology,Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences.Grapevines with even vigor and growth status were chosen before the experiment in 2017.From 2017 to 2018,uprooting of the whole vines at key developmental phases,including budding stage,early flowering stage,end flowering stage,seed development stage,veraison stage,harvest stage and leaf falling stage.Three grapevines were randomly collected at each stage.Each collected vine was divided into roots,main trunks,main canes,new shoots,leaves,leaf petioles,floral clusters or berries.The grapevines were conventionally managed,and the new shoots,leaves,leaf petioles,floral clusters and berries pruned in current season were included in the tree biomass of next stage.The contents of nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),potassium(K),calcium(Ca),magnesium(Mg),iron(Fe),manganese(Mn),zinc(Zn),copper(Cu),boron(B),and molybdenum(Mo)were measured and the absorption and distribution ratio,demand ratio,absorption rate and demand of these mineral elements at different stages were computed and analyzed.【Results】The requirement characteristics of nutrient elements in Jumeigui grape varied at different growth stages.The absorption and distribution ratios of N and Fe from the budding stage to the early flowering stage exceeded 20%,those of Mo and P exceeded 17%,and the other elements exceeded 11%.The absorption and distribution ratios of Fe and Mo during flowering exceeded 17%.Those of Cu,Zn,K,Mn,N,P and Mg were similar,in a range of 11%-14%,and those of B and Ca were less than 10%.From end flowering stage to veraison stage,the absorption and distribution ratios of N,P,K,Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn,Zn,B,Cu and Mo were 50.63%,53.19%,40.80%,42.03%,41.96%,41.35%,46.92%,41.21%,47.21%,46.98%and 39.18%,respectively.The absorption and distribution ratios of K and Ca from veraison to harvest exceeded 20%;those of P,Zn,Cu,B,Mn and Mg ranged 11%-15%;and Mo,Fe and N were less required,with an absorption and distribution ratio in a range of 4%-9%.The absorption and distribution ratio of Mg from harvest leaf fall reached 21.78%,those of Ca,Zn,Mo,B and Mg were similar,14%-17%,and those of Fe,Cu,N,P and K were about10%.The demand for nutrition elements for production of 1000 kg of fruit was 4.77 kg,1.41 kg,6.08 kg,5.05 kg,0.96 kg,124.86 g,31.05 g,26.17 g,33.89 g,6.83 g and 0.27 g for N,P,K,Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu and Mo,respectively.The annual demand ratio of N∶P∶K∶Ca∶Mg was 10.00∶2.97∶12.74∶10.65∶2.02,and the demand ratio of Fe∶Mn∶Zn∶B∶Cu∶Mo was 10.00∶2.48∶2.09∶2.72∶0.55∶0.02.【Conclusion】The absorption and distribution ratios of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium,magnesium,iron,manganese,zinc,boron,copper and molybdenum are the highest from end flowering to veraison.The demand for nitrogen and iron from budding to early flowering stage,the demand for potassium and calcium from veraison to harvest,and that for magnesium from harvest to leaf fall are higher than other elements in corresponding phases.The demand for potassium is the highest for Jumeigui grape,and the demand for calcium is similar to that of nitrogen,and magnesium is close to phosphorus.The fertilization management of Jumeigui grape needs to pay attention to the balanced supply of various nutrients at each growth stage.