虎、人和神:18至19世纪安泽黑虎庙研究

Tiger,Man,and God:A Study of Black Tiger Temples in the Anze County(18th-19th Century)

通过研究山西省安泽县现存清代黑虎庙中的壁画和碑文,以及当地县志的记载,本文试图解答以下几个问题:谁是黑虎庙中人们崇祀的对象?当地的人虎关系是如何影响黑虎崇拜并随时间推移而不断演变的?此外,为了配合神话叙事,黑虎或者虎在这些庙中扮演了怎样的角色?更重要的是,通过解答这些问题,我们可以更好地阐释动物神崇拜和人与动物乃至自然的关系。此外,本文还会对比黑虎崇拜和八蜡崇拜。虽然二者都展现了对虎的崇敬,但它们在传统、目的和社会影响方面有所不同。这两种信仰中的动物形象显示了一个基本的概念,那就是动物和自然并不是崇祀的核心,而实际上都受制于神,通过对神的祭祀,人们希望间接实现对动物和自然的控制。

By investigating the murals and stele inscriptions in the Black Tiger Temples in the Anze County in the 18th and 19th centuries,and local gazetteers,this paper will answer these following questions:Who did people worship in the Black Tiger Temples?How did the local human-tiger relations impact the worship per se and how did it evolve over time?Furthermore,what kind of roles did the black tiger and the tiger in general play in the temples in order to fit into the spiritual narrative?Most importantly,by answering these questions,we could shed some light upon the worship of animal gods and the humananimal/nature relations.Besides,this paper will compare the worship of the Black Tiger Cult to that of the Bazha.Although both showed veneration toward the tiger,they were different in terms of tradition,purpose and social impact.The animal images in both beliefs demonstrated the underlying notion that animals and nature were not the center of either worship but objects manipulated by the gods.By making offerings to the gods,people hoped to indirectly gain control over animals and nature.