美国行为监管法域外适用解释原则:概念、内容与评价

The Canons of Construction for Extraterritorial Application of American Behavioral Supervision Law: Concept, Content and Evaluation

域外适用解释原则是联邦制定法的解释工具之一,基于国际法、国内法理念对地域规定模糊的法律作出符合国会意图的解释,承认或限制法律的域外适用。两个世纪多以来,美国发展出三类解释原则,原则的使用和废止从侧面展现了管辖权、国际礼让及法律选择思想与方法的演进脉络。行为监管法语境下,域外效力解释原则的发展史,也是一部寻找被监管行为与领土之间联系的历史,严格属地管辖被打破后,从效果原则回归形式属地管辖,意味着行为与领土的联系逐渐紧密,美国法域外适用范围收缩。但该收缩仅仅因为效果原则过于宽泛,并不意味着美国法域外适用脚步的放缓。以域外适用解释原则为视角,能够透析美国法域外适用的发展脉络,对我国法域外适用制度建设具有借鉴意义。

The Canons of Construction of extraterritorial effects is one of the interpretation tools of federal statutory law.Based on the concepts of international law and domestic law,the interpretation of laws with ambiguous regional regulations is made in line with the intention of the Congress,which recognizes or restricts the extraterritorial application of law.Over the past two centuries,the United States has developed three types of construction canons.The use and abolition of canons have shown the evolution of ideas and methods of international jurisdiction,comity,and choice of law.In the context of behavioral supervision,the history of the development of the canons of extraterritorial effectiveness interpretation is also a history of searching for the connection between the supervised behavior and the territory.After the strict territorial jurisdiction was broken,the principle of effect returned to the jurisdiction of formal territoriality.The relationship between behavior and territory is gradually tightened,the scope of application outside the US jurisdiction is gradually narrowed.However,the austerity due to the application of the effect principle is too broad,which does not mean that the pace of application outside the United States has slowed down.From the perspective of the canons of construction of extraterritorial application,we can analyze the development context of extraterritorial application in the United States,which has reference significance for the construction of China’s extraterritorial application system.