土司舆图的谱系研究——以乾隆《雅州府志》土司图版本辨析为例

A Research on the Pedigree of Tusi Maps:Taking an Analysis of the Tusitu Version of the Yazhou Fuzhi Compiled in the Qianlong Period as an Example

乾隆《雅州府志》目前的通行本是光绪补刻本,由于其内封面署年为光绪十三年,前人著录版本时疏于对雷登门识语的释读,忽视这一工作实由光绪二十九年至三十一年(1903-1905)时任雅州知府联豫主持补镌,补刊署年应为光绪三十一年而非光绪十三年。通过对乾隆《雅州府志》土司图的版本辨析,综合考查府志三次刻本的历史背景,并由土司图资料流向的线索,发现乾隆《四川全图》(四川大学图书馆藏)和《皇清职贡图》皆由于第一次平定金川之役而绘制。土司舆图作为方志图的类型之一,至少在乾隆初年已出现,反映了清初土司治理的实际情形。

As a type of Fangzhitu( illustrations in local chronicles),Tusitu( maps of native official areas) have appeared at least in the earlier years of the Qianlong period. The Qianlong ·Yazhou Fuzhi( a chronicle of the Yazhou Prefecture compiled in the Qianlong period) still have three different carving editions of Fangzhitu,i. e. the original carved illustration of the Qianlong period,the supplemented carved printings of the Jiaqing period,and the supplemented carved impressions of the Guangxu period. This article proposes to analyze these.Firstly,comparing with other types of Fangzhitu as part of Vol. 1 Tukao( Textual Research on Illustrations) and Vol. 11 Tusi( Chapter on Native Official Areas),this article proposes that the original edition gathered in the 4 th year of the Qianlong Period( 1739) is one of the important resources for Sichuan Quantu( Atlas of Sichuan Province Edited in the Qianlong Period) and Huangqing Zhigongtu( Royal Tributary Picture of Qing Dynasty). Fangzhitu of the Yazhou Fuzhi in the Qianlong period preserved the maps and materials of the peripheral areas of Sichuan which had been drawn and collected since the Kangxi and Yongzheng periods,and they reveal the actual situation of the Tusi administration in the early Qing Dynasty.Secondly,the Tusitu of the Jiaqing edition is the direct basis for the Tusitu of the Guangxu edition. In the most common supplemented carved printing of Yazhou Fuzhi( Qianlong period),i. e.the edition carved in the 16th year of the Jiaqing period( 1811) and the 13th year of the Guangxu period(1887),Shangsitu( 上司图) in the category of Vol. 1 was a clerical error of Tusitu( 土司图) . This can be regarded as evidence to tell the two editions from the original edition of the Qianlong period apart.Thirdly,the supplemented carved illustrations collection from the Guangxu period is a regular edition of Yazhou Fuzhi( Qianlong edition). But in this version,there is an inner-cover-page sealing dating from the 13th year of the Guangxu period(1887),which has misled researchers. In addition,the inscribed foreword by Lei Dengmen has been misunderstood,and especially the engraver’s account-it is"hand-engraved by Gu Yunchun"in Tusitu-has been ignored. In fact,according to these hints,the edition of Guangxu was overseen by Lian Yu,a prefect of Yazhou prefecture from the 29th to the 31st years of the Guangxu period( 1903-1905),signing the 31 styear of Guangxu(1905), and not the 13th year of Guangxu( 1887).Given the above analysis,this article has identified the different versions’ details about Yazhou Fuzhi. Tusitu. Focusing on the Tusitu,the article attempts to discuss the maps’ origins of the native Tusi areas and conducts textual research on their drawing time, drawing methods, drawers,drawing content and characteristics,engraving versions,collection places,data flow direction,and so forth.