当代西欧右翼民粹政党与主流政党的议题竞争--基于利基政党理论的分析

Issue Competition between Right-wing Populist Parties and Mainstream Parties in Contemporary Western Europe:An Analysis Based on the Theory of Niche Parties

右翼民粹政党的崛起现已成为西欧政坛变化的显著特征,它们不仅挑战了主流政党的统治地位,而且冲击了政党竞争的运行模式。从“利基政党”理论的视角分析,右翼民粹政党在兴起及谋求选举突破阶段,聚焦于主流政党忽视的非经济议题,并通过议题定位的自我限制凸显与主流政党的不同,打破了传统的阶级政治模式。在政党竞争中,由于意识形态标签作用的淡化,右翼民粹政党采用差异化的议题动员策略,向主流政党发起挑战。随着选举支持率的上升,右翼民粹政党推动了政策议题显著性的变化,重构了议题竞争空间。主流政党则通过忽视、对抗、适应等策略,在议题显著性、议题立场、议题所有权方面进行回应。当右翼民粹政党提出的议题尚未引起足够关注时,主流政党可以通过降低议题显著性来削弱对方的选举支持。而当特定议题被右翼民粹政党成功煽动和利用时,主流政党需要主动调整议题立场、争夺议题所有权。主流政党的议题回应策略,影响了右翼民粹政党的选举命运。

The rise of right-wing populist parties has become a significant feature of the political changes in Western Europe.They not only challenge the dominant position of mainstream parties,but also impact the dynamics of party competition.As niche parties,right-wing populist parties,during their rise and search for election breakthroughs,focus.on non-economic issues ignored by mainstream parties,and highlight their differences from mainstream parties through self-imposed restrictive issue positioning,breaking the traditional mode of class politics.In the party competition,due to the weakening role of ideological labeling,right-wing populist parties adopt differentiated issue mobilization strategies to challenge the mainstream parties.With their increasing election gains,these parties have brought about significant changes to election issues and reshaped the framework of issue competition.Mainstream parties have responded in terms of issue salience,issue position and issue ownership through strategies of dismissal,confrontation,and accommodation.When the issues championed by right-wing populist parties have not attracted enough attention,mainstream parties can weaken the electoral support of their competitors by reducing the salience of the issues.However,when right-wing parties are able to take advantage of a particular issue they have played up,mainstream parties need to take the initiative to adjust their issue positions and compete for ownership of the issue.The strategies mainstream parties adopt in response to these issues have an impact on the electoral fortune of right-wing populist parties.