数据保护权的多维视角

Multidimensional Perspectives on Data Protection Rights

在数据驱动的时代,欧盟始终强调信息自决和个人隐私保护的基本权利,也非常重视数据主权问题,但这种宪法性规范不能在私人主体之间的纠纷中强制执行。中国主要从民法以及行政举措的视角来加强对隐私、信息安全及人格利益的综合保护。关于“数据保护权”的中国法律规范主要在公民个人、集体以及企业之间强制执行,但很少针对政府。我国《民法典》并没有创设“数据财产权”,我国《数据安全法》却承认数据市场,试图通过对数据进行评价和共享的程序对数据财产权进行债权式的保护。完善数据财产权的实体规范,进而将之提升至基本权利的高度、强调数字人权的保障,是一项很重要并具有迫切性的立法课题。“数据公平使用”的立法原则在个人权利保护、数字经济发展以及数据利润共享之间达成适当的平衡。一旦关于数据保护权和数据财产权的宪法框架得以确立,数字经济立法的空间将可能适当拓展。在这里,中国可以与欧盟相向而行、互相借鉴。新时代宪法秩序变迁的方向就是建立和健全技术的分权制衡机制,确立新型的“数字化监察权”。

In the data-driven era,the EU has always emphasized the basic rights of information self-determination and the protection of personal privacy,and it also attaches great importance to the issue of data sovereignty.However,such constitutional rules cannot be enforced for disputes between private parties.China mainly strengthens the comprehensive protection of privacy,information security and personal interests from the perspective of civil law and administrative measures.Chinese laws and regulations on"data protection rights"are mainly enforced among individuals,collectives,and enterprises,but rarely against the government.The Civil Code of China does not create"data property rights",but the Data Security Law of China recognizes the data market and attempts to protect data property rights in the format of creditor’s right through the process of evaluating and sharing data.The improvement of the substantive norms on data property rights by upgrading them as basic rights and emphasizing the protection of digital human rights is a very important and urgent legislative task.The legislative principle of"fair use of data"achieves an appropriate balance among the protection of personal rights,the development of the digital economy,and the sharing of data profits.Once the constitutional framework for data protection rights and data property rights is established,the space for the legislation on digital economy may be expanded appropriately.Regarding this,China and EU can meet each other halfway and learn from each other.The direction of transformation in the constitutional order in the new era is to establish and improve the mechanism on the separation of powers and checks and balances by technologies,and set up a new type of"digital supervisory power".