网络金融平台债权转让行为的刑法性质分析

On Analyzing the Nature of the Assignment of Creditor’s Rights by Online Financial Platforms from the Perspective of Criminal Law

网络与金融一体同构,叠加了金融风险和互联网风险,有必要对网络金融平台异化的金融活动采取严格规制的刑事政策立场。现阶段司法正越来越多地通过"穿透式"的实质解释将平台债权转让行为纳入刑法非法集资类犯罪的规制范围。然而,无论是对网络金融严格规制的刑事政策立场,还是司法为入罪而进行的"穿透式"实质解释,都不应也不能逾越罪刑法定原则的限制。网络金融平台债权转让行为是否构成非法集资犯罪,应严格依据现行刑法关于非法集资犯罪的构成要件作判断。司法中,简单地将平台债权转让过程中的归集债权等同于归集资金,将归集资金等同于自融,将平台开设的中转账户等同于设立资金池,进而认定为非法集资类犯罪,可能偏离了现行刑法非法集资犯罪的实质。网络金融平台真实的债权转让即使存在行政违规,也不能与非法集资犯罪画等号。

The Internet and finance interact to combine the financial and the Internet risks,so it is necessary to take a stance of the criminal policy of strict regulation for deviated financial activities of online financial platforms.At present,the judiciary increasingly includes the assignment of creditor’s rights by a platform into the regulative scope of the criminal law in terms of crimes of illegal fund-raising through the"penetratingly"substantive interpretation.However,neither the stance of criminal policy of strict regulation on online finance or the"penetratingly"substantive interpretation made by the judiciary for the conviction should or can go beyond the principle of legality.Whether the assignment of creditor’s rights by online financial platforms constitutes one of crimes of illegal fund-raising should be decided strictly according to offense description of crimes of illegal fund-raising in the current criminal law.In jurisprudence,it may deviate from the essence of crimes of illegal fund-raising under the current criminal law to simply regard the pooling of creditor’s rights in the process of assignment of creditor’s rights by platforms as the pooling of funds,the pooling of funds as self-financing,the intermediate account opened by platforms as establishing a pool of funds,thus determining it as one of crimes of illegal fund-raising.The real assignment of creditor’s rights by online financial platforms cannot be equated with one of crimes of illegal fund-raising even though there exist administrative violations.