葛兰西《反〈资本论〉的革命》发表百年后的反思

Reflections on Gramsci’s "The Revolution Against ’Capital’" a Century Later

十月革命胜利以后,葛兰西发表了《反〈资本论〉的革命》一文认为,十月革命是"反《资本论》"的革命,它充分体现了主体意志在创造历史中的决定性作用,而《资本论》只是提供了一个决定论的分析公式,因而无法给予十月革命以有效的解释。但是,葛兰西既误读了《资本论》,也误读了十月革命,《资本论》绝不只是要呈现一个决定论的历史图景,而是通过科学揭示资本系统运行规律及其历史界限,为无产阶级主体对抗奠定坚实基础;十月革命也绝不只是单纯的主体意志狂欢,而是牢固地建基于客观的历史必然性之上的一次革命,而列宁对这一客观必然性的揭示正是通过活用《资本论》的科学逻辑分析资本主义的帝国主义阶段而实现的。

After the victory of the October Revolution, Gramsci published "The revolution against ’Capital’",praising the great victory of the socialist revolution of the Bolsheviks and the Russian people under their leadership. Gramsci believed that the October Revolution is the revolution against "Capital", which fully embodied the decisive role of subject in the process of making history. However "Capital" only provided a deterministic analysis formula, and was thus unable to give an effective explanation to the October Revolution.Consequently, he misread "Capital" and the October Revolution. "Capital" was not merely to present a historical picture of determinism, but to reveal the law of the operation of the capital system and its historical limits, so as to lay a solid foundation for the subjective confrontation of the proletariat. The October Revolution was not simply a high tide of the subject’s will, but was firmly based on the objective historical inevitability,which Lenin revealed through the scientific logic of "Capital" when he analyzed the imperialist stage of capitalism. "The Revolution" reflected Gramsci’s subjective understanding of Marxism and objectively produced a profound ideological historical effect.