论我国反垄断罚款的结构化改革——从一元构造体系走向二元构造体系

On the Structural Reform of Anti-Monopoly Fines in China--From Unitary Structure System to Binary Structure System

反垄断罚款有着一元构造体系和二元构造体系之分。我国目前直接基于涉案产品销售额或总销售额计算罚款的做法,均是典型的一元构造体系,在适用中显现了相当大的局限性。反垄断罚款的二元构造体系始于欧盟,目前已经为国际社会广泛采纳。二元构造体系下的反垄断罚款,既考虑了与违法行为有关的涉案销售额,也考虑了与威慑效果有关的总销售额,形成了反垄断罚款计算条款和封顶条款共存的局面,很好地协调了罚款相当性与罚款威慑理念之间的关系。我国反垄断执法将进入新纪元,涉及大型企业的反垄断调查和处罚案件将越来越多,销售额也将从“初级阶段”的涉案企业总销售额进化到整个企业集团的全球总销售额。此时,明显走两端的直接计算罚款的一元构造体系的弊端就会越来越明显。我国反垄断法应对罚款进行结构化改革,走向罚款计算条款和罚款封顶条款相结合的二元构造体系。

There are two kinds of anti-monopoly fine system,one is the unitary structure system and the other is the binary structure system.At present,the practice of calculating the fine directly based on the sales or total sales of the products involved is a typical unitary structure system,which shows considerable limitations in application.The binary structure system of fines started in the European Union and has been widely adopted by the international community.The anti-monopoly fine under the binary structure system,which considers both the sales related to the illegal act and the total sales related to the deterrent effect,forms a situation where the anti-monopoly fine calculation clause and the capping clause could coexist,and well coordinates the relationship between the penalty equivalence and the concept of penalty deterrence.China's anti-monopoly law enforcement will enter a new era.There will be more and more anti-monopoly investigation and punishment cases involving large enterprises,and the sales volume will evolve from the total sales volume of the concerned enterprises in the“primary stage”to the global total sales volume of the whole enterprise group.At this time,the disadvantages of the unitary structure system of direct calculation of fine will be more and more obvious.China's Anti-monopoly Law should reform the structure of fine,moving towards the binary structure system that combines fine calculation clause and fine capping clause.