两种视角下媒体侵害人格权责任的认定、冲突及解决——基于《民法典》第998条和第1165条的展开

Identification,conflict and resolution of responsibility of media infringing on personality right from two perspectives——Based on the Article 998 and 1165 of the Civil Code

由于传播范围广、影响力大等特征,媒体在侵害人格权方面往往会对公民的精神性人格权造成较为严重的损害。根据已有的司法实践可知,我国在认定媒体侵害人格权责任时,通常以构成要件视角分析判断,如损害、因果关系和过错等。《民法典》颁布后,人格权编第998条引入动态系统视角,以当事人的职业、影响范围、过错程度、行为目的、方式、后果等因素综合认定侵害人格权的责任。由此造成两种认定侵权方式共存的现象,并引发一定的冲突,如动态系统视角会弱化构成要件视角的作用,甚至沦为减免侵权责任的工具,引发认定结果不一致的情形。为解决这一冲突,应当以构成要件视角判定媒体侵害人格权责任是否成立,在此基础上以动态系统视角衡量媒体承担侵害人格权责任的范围,从而维护法律的安定统一。

Due to the wide spread and great influence,the media often cause serious damage to the citizens’spiritual personality rights in the aspect of infringement of personality rights.According to the existing judicial practice,when determining the responsibility of the media for infringement of personality rights,judges usually analyze and judge from the perspective of constitutive elements,such as damages,causalities and faults.After the promulgation of the Civil Code,the Article 998 uses a dynamic system perspective,which comprehensively determines the responsibility for infringement of personality rights based on the parties’occupation,the scope of influence,the degree of faults,the purpose,the manner and the consequence of the behaviors.This results in the coexistence of the two identification methods,and also triggers certain conflicts.For example,the dynamic system perspective will weaken the role of the perspective of constituent elements,and even become a tool to reduce tort liability,leading to inconsistent results.In order to solve this conflict,we should judge the media’s responsibility from the perspective of constitutive elements,and measure the scope of the media’s responsibility from the perspective of dynamic system,so as to maintain the stability and unity of the law.