过失犯实行行为的刑法争议与规范判断——基于学术史的考察

Criminal Law Disputes and Normative Judgments on the Conduct of Negligence Offenders

过失犯是否具有实行行为,理论上存在否定论与肯定论的观点对立,目前肯定论占据优势。在肯定论阵营中,存在同一论和区分论的争议,这与过失犯的理论发展以及过失犯的犯罪构造、构成要件实质化等存在紧密关联。从学术史角度考察,可以明确过失犯实行行为命题的提出与界定实质上是过失犯构成要件本身的开放性与实质解释的结果,是由形式判断向规范判断不断实质化的过程。立足于二元论立场,可将过失实行行为界定为违反注意义务且具有实质上不被允许的引起法益侵害危险的行为。同时应当区分纯正过失犯与不纯正过失犯两种过失犯类型,并结合普通过失与业务过失分别予以分析。

Whether a negligent offender has an act of execution,in theory,there is a contradiction between the negative theory and the affirmative theory.At present,the affirmative theory has an advantage.In the affirmative camp,there are controversies between the theory of identity and the theory of distinction,which are closely related to the theoretical development of negligent offenders and the criminal structure and essential elements of negligent offenders.From the perspective of academic history,it can be clarified that the proposition and definition of negligent offense's conduct behavior is essentially the result of the openness and substantive interpretation of the constitutive elements of negligent offense,and it is a process of continuous substantiveness from formal judgment to normative judgment.Based on the dualism standpoint,the negligent conduct can be defined as a violation of the duty of care and an act that is substantially impermissible and causes the risk of infringement of legal interests.At the same time,two types of negligence should be distinguished between pure negligence and impure negligence,and the general negligence and business negligence should be combined to analyze separately.