美国出口管制法管制物项范围的扩张:域外效力、合法性与应对

The Expansion of the Scope of Items Controlled by U.S.Export Control Law:Extraterritorial Effects,Legality and Response

近年来,美国开始推行对华技术遏制政策,试图通过对中国特定企业实施全方位技术封锁的方式,阻止其获得美国技术。在这一过程中,美国出口管制法的域外适用也呈现出新的趋势。微量允许规则与外国直接产品规则极大扩张了美国管制物项的范围,使得美国可以大范围地管辖发生在其境外的、对某些具有“美国要素”的外国生产物项的交易,因而也成为了其对中国企业实施技术封锁的重要法律工具。然而,美国基于物项主张管辖权的做法缺乏管辖权基础,与美国应承担的国际法义务也并不相符。中国应采用多元化的应对方式对抗美国出口管制法域外效力带来的不利影响,从而最大限度地维护国家利益。

In recent years,the United States has begun to implement the Technology Containment Policy against China,trying to prevent certain Chinese enterprises from obtaining U.S.technology.In this process,the extraterritorial application of the U.S.export control law has also shown a new trend.The De Minimis Rule and the Foreign Direct Product Rule greatly expand the scope of the U.S.-controlled items,and make the United States govern the transactions of some foreign items with"U.S.elements".Therefore,it has become an important legal tool to implement the technology blockade on Chinese enterprises.However,the United States'assertion of jurisdiction based on items lacks a jurisdictional basis and does not conform to its obligations under international law.China shall take diversified approaches to counteract the adverse effects of the extraterritorial effect of the U.S.export control law so as to best safeguard national interest.