黑碳气溶胶的研究现状:定义及对健康、气候等的影响

Research Status of Black Carbon Aerosol:Definitions and Impacts on Health,Climate and Other Welfare

空气污染造成的健康和环境影响日益严重.黑碳(black carbon,BC)作为环境空气细颗粒物的重要组成成分,会影响大气辐射强迫,造成气候变化,同时还会引发人体呼吸系统、心血管系统及神经系统疾病等,逐渐受到广泛关注.但在科学研究中,黑碳常易与其他碳质气溶胶名称相混淆.通过文献整理及内容对比等方式,厘清黑碳与炭黑、元素碳、碳烟等碳质气溶胶在定义、产生方式、组成成分、测定方法等方面的异同;明确黑碳在人体中诱导自由基反应、引起氧化应激等致病机理,以及对肺功能、呼吸功能、心血管功能、神经功能的短长期健康效应的不良影响;梳理黑碳对气候变化的影响机制,如辐射强迫(直接效应、半直接效应、间接效应)和其他云效应影响等;发现黑碳会间接对人体产生健康影响,其与能见度、农作物产量、贫困地区经济水平均存在关联.研究显示:黑碳可吸附较多有毒物质,能作为载体进入人体产生各类不良健康影响;黑碳是颗粒物的重要成分之一,对太阳辐射有强吸收作用,但其辐射强迫值难以准确估算.

The impact of air pollution on health and environment is becoming increasingly serious.As an important component of ambient fine particulate matter,black carbon(BC)is of increasing concern because it affects atmospheric radiative forcing,causes climate change,and triggers respiratory,cardiovascular,and neurological diseases.But in research,BC is often confused with the other carbonaceous aerosol names.Literature compilation and content comparison help:(1)Clarify the similarities and differences between carbonaceous aerosols,such as BC,carbon black,elemental carbon and soot in terms of definitions,generation mode,composition and determination methods,and make clear that BC is one of the important components of particulate matter.(2)Figure out the pathogenesis of free radical reaction and oxidative stress in humans and the adverse short-term or long-term health effects on lung function,respiratory function,cardiovascular function and neurological function.(3)Clarify the impact mechanisms of BC on climate change,such as radiative forcing(direct effect,semi-direct effect,indirect effect)and other cloud effects.(4)Find out that BC has an indirect impact on human health,and visibility,crops and poverty are all related to it.The research showed that BC could adsorb many toxic substances and bring them into the body,which results in various adverse health effects.BC is one of the important components of particulate matter and it has strong absorption of solar radiation.But its radiative forcing is difficult to accurately estimate.