绿肥与生态入侵之间:20世纪中叶以来华南飞机草利用研究

Between Green Manure and Ecological Invasion:Research on the Utilization of Eupatorium Odoratum in South China since the Middle of the 20th Century

飞机草(Eupatorium odoratum)原产于中南美洲。为探讨其入侵我国的主要原因,对历史文献进行考辨与分析,发现飞机草不晚于1934年传入海南西部的感恩县。至1950年代,海南地区广泛利用飞机草采集制作野生绿肥和农业杀虫剂。20世纪60至70年代,广东曾推广飞机草栽培,使之得以扩张并遍布海南岛和雷州半岛。但1950-1970年代的广积肥运动有效抑制了飞机草的扩张速度与规模。1980年代以来,随着化学肥料的大量投入使用,飞机草等绿肥的积制被弃置,同时由于飞机草本身的生长特性,遂致其种群呈爆发式增长,迅速传播至广东大部分地区,造成生态入侵。

Eupatorium odoratum is native to central and South America.In order to explorethe main reasons for its invasion of China,after the textual research and analysis of historicaldocuments,it was found that Eupatorium odoratum was introduced to the Ganen County inthe western part of Hainan no later than 1934.By the 1950s,Eupatorium odoratum waswidely collected in Hainan to produce wild green manure and agricultural insecticides.From1960s to 1970s,the cultivation of Eupatorium odoratum was popularized in Guangdong,which made it spread all over Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula.But in 1950-1970s,themovement of collecting manure effectively restrained the expansion speed and scale of Eupa-torium odoratum.Since 1980,a large number of chemical fertilizers have been put into use,and farmers are no longer committed to the collection and accumulation of green manure suchas Eupatorium odoratum,resulting in the explosive growth of Eupatorium odoratum species,which quickly spread to most parts of Guangdong Province,becoming a serious harmful ma-lignant weed.The abandonment of green manure and the extensive use of chemical fertilizerin agricultural production in South China are the main reasons for the explosive growth ofEupatorium odoratum species and the ecological invasion.