美国IQA教学质量评估系统的探索与反思

Exploration and Reflections on Instructional Quality Assessment(IQA) System in the U.S.

有效的教学评估系统,不仅能够准确评判教学水平,还具有改善性和导向性功能,达到提高教师教学能力的发展性目标。美国IQA教学质量评估系统由匹兹堡大学主持研发,包含任务认知需求、解释性话语和教师期望三个评估维度,对教师现场课堂教学和教师提供的教学相关材料进行评估。不同于教学视频录像可供研究者多次反复观看,现场听课具有较强的信息及时性,需要评估者快速准确地捕捉评估要点,因此IQA具有较少的评估维度和子维度,且每个子维度的水平区分较为清晰,便于评估者快速、及时地作出恰当判断,提高该工具的信效度。IQA框架的主要特点体现在以下四个方面:评估要点聚焦化,凸显教学质量本质属性;专业化分科化的评估工具,保证评价效果科学权威性;多元化的评估方式,力求从不同角度真实反映教学质量;评估目标功能化,以深化教师专业发展为评估要旨。IQA评价系统对我国课堂教学评价研究和教师专业发展都具有一定的启示借鉴作用,包括简化评估指标,注重教学实质、分科化评估工具,保障评估结果专业性、评估方式多元化,力求多角度真实反映教学质量、完善评估理念,加强评估发展性功能。

An effective instructional evaluation system is able to judge teaching level scientifically,and guide teacher to accomplish his or her developmental goal.Instructional Quality Assessment(IQA)is developed by the University of Pittsburgh,comprising with three domains:Cognitive Demand of Task,Accountable Talk,and Teacher Expectations.IQA is used for live classroom observation and student assignment collections.Different from teaching video analysis tools,live lesson assessment entails observers capturing meaningful information timely.As a result,IQA is parsimonious with focus on a small number of domains,and the levels under each dimension are clear to make judgement.The following four characteristics of IQA were identified:(a)emphasizing the teaching nature with a small number of focused domains;(b)discipline-based designing to ensure that the evaluation effect is scientific and authoritative;(c)multiple evaluation methods adopted to reflect teaching quality from different angles;and(d)taking teacher development as essential evaluation aim.IQA evaluation system provides suggestions for teaching evaluation research and teacher development in China,including simplifying evaluation domains to focus on teaching and learning,using contentspecific tools to enable better understanding of assessment results,taking multiple methods to grasp real information of classroom teaching,and emphasizing the development function in evaluation.