从个人到社会:残疾模式的理念更新与范式转换

From Individual to Socialization:Conceptual Renewal and Paradigm Transformation of Disability Model

人类在探索对残疾人的定义和改善其境况的过程中,产生了多种残疾观和残疾文化。其中,个人模式与社会模式的影响颇为深远,并以英国为主要阵地展开了激烈的学术论战。个人模式从生物学视角出发,提倡通过现代医疗等手段最大限度使残疾人摆脱自身条件的束缚,达到更好地融入社会的目的;社会模式则基于政治学视角,从残疾的社会因素出发,致力于排除以往社会对残疾人的成见,进而消除残疾人在社会中的各种障碍。以上两种模式在促进残疾人个人发展和社会正义中前后相承,各司其职,均发挥着重要的作用。从研究范式看,每种研究取向都可为残疾的定义、境况改善和政策优化提供知识增量和多元化的学科视角。残疾人工作和研究中的"模式之争"反映出残疾人工作两种重要的思考逻辑。鉴于此,我国社会各界须同时关注残疾人的个体性和公共性问题,充分调动残疾人自身潜力,发挥社会正义的积极作用,构建具有实践意义的残疾人社会政策框架。如此,才能"回到事情本身",从多元文化和多学科的视角进行理性对话,为残疾人政策实践提供有价值且可操作的支撑。

In the process of exploring the definition and improvement of the situation of persons with disability,mankind has produced a variety of disability views and disabilityculture.Among them,the personal model and the social model have farreaching influence,and intense academic debates have been launched with the UK as the main academic camp.From the perspective of biology,the personal model advocates the use of modern medical treatment to maximize the freedom of person with disability from the shackles of their own conditions in order to achieve the goal of better integration into society;The social model is based on the perspective of political science,starting from the social factors ofdisability,and is committed to eliminating the society’s inherent cognition of the disabled in the past,and then eliminating various obstacles for the disabled in the society.The above two models have inherited the same in promoting the personal development of the disabled and social justice,and each fulfills its duties and plays an important role.From the perspective of research paradigm,each research orientation can provide knowledge increment and diversified disciplinary perspectives for the definition of disability,the improvement of conditions and the optimization of policies.The"model dispute"in work and research for the disabled reflects two important thinking logics about the work of the disabled.In view of this,all sectors of society in our country need to simultaneously pay attention to the individual and public issues of the disabled,fully mobilize the disabled’s own potential and the enthusiasm of social justice,and build a practical social policy framework for the disabled.Only in this way can we"retur to the matter",conduct rational dialogues in a multicultural and multidisciplinary perspective,and provide valuable and actionable concepts for the practice of policies for persons with disability.