清代“无犯罪情况”下对“女贞”权的保护问题研究——以《刑案汇编》中“黄永案”为例

Research on the Protection of“Private Rights”under“No Crimes”in Qing Dynasty--Analysis with the“Huang Yong Case”in“Compilation of Criminal Cases”as an Example

清代律文在具体制定和实际执行过程中,一方面受传统礼教下父权、夫权制度的影响继承并强化了长期以来“男尊女卑”的社会观念;但同时也针对女性群体,特别是对已婚妇女本人以及该身份背后所从属家庭的基本权益给予必要的制度性保障;甚至将特定情境下本不符合犯罪标准认定的民间矛盾纠纷依照“最密切关联”原则进行责任划分,并进而在律无正条的情况下通过“比附”定罪的方式确定刑罚的施行选择和轻重程度。其中清代“黄永”一案的情节过程和审断结论直接表明当时部分长期固化在社会和主观思维中的情感认知,已经突破了既有法律条框的文字限定,并通过延展律文内容涵盖范围的方式完成对案中人的有罪认定,以实现将特定身份群体所面临的国家态度和社会境遇服务于统治需要的目的。

In the process of specific formulation and actual implementation of the laws and regulations of the Qing Dynasty,on the one hand,they were influenced by the patriarchal and patriarchal system under the traditional etiquette and education,and inherited and strengthened the long-standing social concept of“male superiority and female inferiority”;but at the same time,it also targeted female groups,especially providing the necessary institutional protection for the basic rights and interests of the married woman and the family behind the identity.Even the civil conflicts and disputes that do not meet the criminal standards under certain circumstances are divided into responsibilities according to the principle of“closest connection”,and then the punishment is determined by the method of“comparative”conviction under the condition that the law is not correct.Among them,the plot process and judgment conclusion of the“Huang Yong Case”in the Qing Dynasty directly clarified the emotional cognition that was fixed in society and subjective thinking for a long time at that time could break through the legal framework and extend the scope of the content of the text indefinitely.And finally complete the determination of the guilt of the person in the case,while serving the needs of governance for the country’s attitudes and social conditions faced by specific identity groups.