七人制橄榄球运动生物学特征研究进展

Research Progress on Biological Characteristics of Rugby Sevens

七人制橄榄球的场地、规则与十五人制橄榄球类似,但其人数少、节奏快,因此普及程度高,并成为夏奥会正式比赛项目。七人制橄榄球相关研究显示:(1)国际级七人制橄榄球运动员身材高、体重大、体脂低。(2)七人制橄榄球运动员具备集体球类项目运动员的速度和耐力,兼具对抗类项目运动员的力量,重复冲刺跑是评价运动员供能水平的重要指标。(3)国际级男子七人制橄榄球运动员比赛的跑动距离为96~121 m/min,女子为87~103 m/min,高强度跑动能力是衡量运动员专项成绩的关键指标。(4)不同水平七人制橄榄球运动员的差异主要体现在持续跑动能力和灵敏素质,国际级男女运动员均呈现出位置差异,后卫的跑动能力优于前锋。未来一方面要加强对七人制橄榄球运动员形态、机能和素质的测定,构建起七人制橄榄球项目运动员的“冠军模型”,另一方面要加强七人制橄榄球比赛和训练负荷的监控,提高赛练结合程度。

The rules of rugby sevens are similar to rugby union,while it has a smaller number of players and enjoys higher popularity and has become an official event of Summer Olympic Games.Our research reveals that:(1)International rugby sevens players are tall,heavy and low in body fat.(2)Rugby sevens players have the speed and endurance of team sport players and the strength of combat players.Repeated sprint is an important index to evaluate players'energy supply.(3)The running distance in international matches for males and females players is 96-121 m/min and 87-103 m/min respectively.High intensity running ability is the index to measure player's performance.(4)The differences between rugby sevens players at different levels mainly lie in their running ability and agility.International players show difference in position,and the running rability of guards is better than forwards.In the future,we should strengthen the measurement of the form,function and quality of rugby sevens to build a"champion model"on one hand.And on the other hand,we should strengthen monitoring match load and training load to improve the combination of competition and training.