张之洞“鄂督”任前的御外军事运筹

Imperial Military Strategic Thought before Zhang Zhidong’s Term of Office in Hubei

张之洞早年即对外患深为忧虑且有意御之,同时还具有经世致用思想,有的放矢地关注西洋兵学,这些都是其御外军事运筹之前奏。及至任山西巡抚期间,他密切关注中法战事并屡有筹策。出任两广总督后,他开始为抵御法国而竭力运筹:积极筹措军费、布置海防,酌情增募勇丁、精心选贤调将,进行战略筹划和具体军事布置,最后对清廷"乘胜即收"之举更是着力抗争。张之洞的"洋务"思想与实践也受其御外军事运筹之影响而有所发展,二者密切关联,互促共进。总之,"鄂督"任前张之洞的御外军事运筹已有了深入推进,其内涵丰富、意义深刻。

Zhang Zhidong,while in his early years,was already intensely worried about foreign aggressions and was determined to resist them. He also had the thought of"learning from the outside world and having practical application",and paid special attention to Western military science,all of which served as a prelude to his military strategy against foreign aggressions. During his tenure as governor of Shanxi,he closely watched the hostilities between China and France and advanced many proposals. When he became the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi,he began to make strenuous efforts to resist France by raising military expenditure,arranging coastal defense,recruiting brave soldiers,selecting and dispatching qualified officers,and carrying out strategic planning and specific military arrangements. He even strove to oppose the Qing government’s intention of"being satisfied with preliminary victories". Zhang’s thought and practice of"westernization"was developed alongside his military strategic thought concerning resistance against foreign aggression. In a word,Zhang’s military thought carries rich connotation and profound significance,and had long evolved before his term as governor in Hubei.