19世纪晚期美朝在军事顾问问题上合作失败的原因

On Failure of Korea in Hiring US Military Advisers in Late 19th Century

1882年《朝美修好通商条约》签订,次年朝鲜向美国提出聘请顾问的要求,尤其希望尽早获得军事顾问。朝鲜在该问题上历经数年终如愿以偿,然而结果却与预期大相径庭。朝鲜未达到"强兵"和军事近代化的目标,美国也未能通过此举扩大其在朝影响或收获其他显著利益。合作失败的原因在双方,既有主观的,也有客观的。美国驻朝外交代表与美国政府的态度反差显而易见,其实质是美国对朝"不介入"政策于该问题上的反映,此为合作失败之要因。美国军事顾问整体上力不胜任,朝鲜自身缺乏这种军事改革的保障条件,其"强兵"活动在传统宗藩关系影响下受到袁世凯为代表的一派力量的阻挠,同时俄英德等外围因素也隐约其间。朝鲜聘用美国军事顾问是其推行近代化改革在军事领域的一种尝试,其结果从一个侧面反映了朝鲜近代化改革的失败。

Ever since the establishment of bilateral diplomatic relations between Korea and the United States,Korea had been longing eagerly for American advisers,especially military ones;and Korea was hoping that after nearly a five-year delay she could finally attain this goal. The result,however,was far from what was initially expected. During that process,American diplomats in Seoul strove to facilitate the project,but most of the time,the US government was somewhat cold in its attitude out of its traditional non-involvement policy. Korea lacked necessary measures to secure such a military reform,and the group of American military advisers as a whole was incompetent for such a task. In addition,a group of forces represented by Yuan Shikai was a hindrance to Korea’s"strong military"activities,and there were also external factors such as Russia,Britain,and Germany. In terms of this military cooperation,the US and Korea shared the responsibility for its failure. To engage American military advisers was one attempt of Korea’s military modernization reform,and its failure foreboded the same fate for her general modernization reform in late 19 th century.