21世纪“新民族主义”:缘起、特点及趋势

“Neo-Nationalism” in the 21st Century: Origins, Characteristics and Trends

"新民族主义"的崛起是21世纪以来的一个重要政治现象。"新民族主义"不是单一形态的民族主义,它既是对时下特定类型民族主义的概括,也是对一系列民族主义新现象的描述。从内容上看,它至少包括极右翼民族主义、福音民族主义、分离型民族主义及(第三世界)宗教民族主义四种形态。与传统民族主义比较,新民族主义不论是在指导思想或价值观上,还是在时代性、动力机制,抑或是在功能、传播方式、影响力及发生的场域等方面,均发生了重大变化。同时,新民族主义也是一种高烈度的身份政治,它具有一种类原教旨主义的特性,它丢弃了传统民族主义的核心价值原则和"文明社会"的基本礼仪,将内蕴于民族主义的某些危险甚至疯狂的本质因素在新的时代发展到极端。这意味着其对特定国家和社会的破坏性远远大于少数群体的反应性身份政治。从发展趋势来看,新民族主义在大趋势上表现出共进共退总体特征的同时,其四种具体形态在发展走向上又表现出一定的差异性。随着共建"一带一路"的推进,中国参与全球及区域合作的深度和广度将不断得以延展,西方国家、第三世界国家尤其是周边国家的由新民族主义引发的国内及国际政治问题将愈来愈成为影响中国发展与稳定的重要因素。深入研判新民族主义,对于中国21世纪的和平发展乃至中华民族的伟大复兴均意义重大。

The rise of "Neo-Nationalism" has been an important political phenomenon since the 21 st century. "Neo-Nationalism" is not a single form of nationalism. It is not only a generalization of a specific type of nationalism, but also a description of a series of new nationalism phenomena. From the point of what it may include, it has at least four forms of far-right nationalism, evangelical nationalism, separatist nationalism, and(the third world) religious nationalism. Compared with traditional nationalism, neo-nationalism has undergone major changes in terms of guiding ideology or values behind, epochal character, propulsion mechanism, function, propagation mode, influence, and field of occurrence. At the same time, neo-nationalism is also a kind of high-intensity identity politics. It has a sort of quasi-fundamentalist characteristics. It discards the core value principles of traditional nationalism and the basic etiquette of "polite society". Some dangerous and even crazy essential factors of nationalism have been developed to extremes in the new era. This means that its destructiveness to specific countries and societies is far from being comparable to the reactive identity politics of minorities. From the perspective of trends in development, while the neo-nationalism shows the general characteristics of co-advance and retreat in the general trend, its four specific forms also show certain differences in the development direction. With the advancement of the "Belt and Road" initiative, the depth and breadth of China’s participation in global and regional cooperation will continue to expand, and the domestic and international political problems caused by neo-nationalism in Western countries, third world countries, and especially neighboring countries will become more serious. It has increasingly become an important factor affecting China’s development and stability. In-depth study and judgment of neo-nationalism is of great significance to China’s peaceful development and rise in the 21 st century and even to its fate.