潭门渔民生计方式与人-海关系变迁的民族志考察

An Ethnographic Study on Tanmen Fisherman’s Livelihood and Human-Sea Relationship Changes

潭门渔民是一个世代以远海渔业生产为主要生计方式的海洋族群,其生产作业范围主要集中在西沙群岛和南沙群岛海域,其渔业生产可划分为风帆时代和机械动力时代两个阶段。在风帆时代,潭门渔民经过长期的海洋实践,发展出了一套用以适应远海航行和作业的技术体系、文化图式和宇宙观,渔民与海洋之间形成一种相依相附、和谐共生的关系。进入机械动力时代之后,在技术和市场的双重影响之下,潭门渔民的生计方式发生巨大变化,过去相对平衡的人海关系开始发生倾斜。近些年,滨海旅游业的发展以及南海边界争端等问题,进一步对传统海洋秩序形成剧烈冲击,导致潭门渔民逐渐远离海洋。受人海关系转变的影响,潭门渔民的生活方式、社会结构和宇宙观也在同步发生改变,这些关系最终共同形塑着潭门社会的发展与变迁。基于对潭门渔民的民族志考察,突出潭门渔民的渔业生产对于维护中国南海诸岛主权的重要意义,本文尝试从交换理论出发对人海关系及其变迁进行分析,主张将海洋视为一个与人类具有平等地位的主体,突出海洋自身的能动性,进而树立一种人类-海洋命运共同体的价值观。

Tanmen fishermen are a marine ethnic group whose main livelihood is ocean fishery. Their fishing domain lie in the ocean near Xisha islands and Nansha islands. The fishery production of Tanmen fishermencan be divided into two stages, i.e. the sail era and mechanical power era. In the age of sailing, Tanmen fishermen developed a set of technical system, cultural schema and cosmological perception adapted to the high sea navigation and operation through long-term marine practice, and formed a relationship of interdependence and harmonious coexistence between fishermen and the ocean. After entering the era of mechanical power, the livelihood mode of Tanmen fishermen has undergone great changes under the dual influence of technology and market, and the relatively balanced relationship between people and sea in the past has begun to change. In recent years, the development of coastal tourism and boundary disputes in the South China Sea have further severely impacted the traditional maritime order, leading Tanmen fishermen to gradually distancing from the sea. Affected by the transformation of human-sea relationship, the life style and social structure and cosmology of Tanmen fishermen have also been changing, and these relationships ultimately shape the development and change of Tanmen society together. Through the ethnographic investigation of Tanmen fishermen, the paper indicates the significance of Tanmen fishermen’s fishing activities for safeguarding the sovereignty of the islands in the South China Sea, and tries to make analysis on the human-sea relationship and its changes from the perspective of exchange theory, and advocates that the ocean should be regarded as a subject with equal status with human beings, highlighting the initiative of the ocean itself, and thus establishing the value of a community of maritime destiny for mankind.